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I. Gilded Age

I. Gilded Age. Grant elected 1868 thanks to Black Republican vote. Mark Twain’s term “gilded age” for corruption such as Jim Fisk, Jay Gould tried to corner the Gold Market with help from Treasury Dept. Gilded Age.

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I. Gilded Age

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  1. I. Gilded Age • Grant elected 1868 thanks to Black Republican vote. • Mark Twain’s term “gilded age” for corruption such as Jim Fisk, Jay Gould tried to corner the Gold Market with help from Treasury Dept.

  2. Gilded Age • Boss Tweed/Tweed Ring – NY bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections, making $200 million; jailed by Tilden and Nast. • Credit Mobilier – construction company run by Union Pacific RR, paid itself to build rr.

  3. More scandal • Whiskey Ring – govt workers stealing excise tax revenue, including Sec. War Belknap. • Grant defeated NY Tribune editor Horace Greeley (D) through mud-slinging: free-loving vegetarian, too soft on South.

  4. review • Bloody Shirt • Gilded Age • Fisk/Gould • Boss Tweed • Thomas Nast/Samuel Tilden • Credit Mobilier • Whiskey Ring • Horace Greeley • Newspaper editor lost to Grant • Reason to vote Republican • Corner gold market • RR paid itself to build • NY political boss • Cartoonist, attorney who put away Boss Tweed • Stole tax money

  5. II. Gilded Age economics, politics • Panic of 1873 – too many loans for railroads, mines, factories, farms. • Debtors wanted greenbacks printed for inflation, formed Greenback Party; hard-money advocates won over Grant.

  6. Passionate, purposeless politics • Parties agreed on issues; high turnout (80%) based on patronage. • GOP – midwest, rural NE - strict morality, govt involved in ec. and values; Democrats – South and Big Cities – Catholic, Lutheran immigrants, easier going morality

  7. Stalwarts v. Half-Breed Republicans • Stalwarts – led by Roscoe Conkling (NY), pro-patronage and spoils system. • Half-Breeds – James Blaine (MN), flirted with civil service reform; real fight over who controlled patronage

  8. review • Panic of 1873 • Greenbacks • Hard money • Why high turnout? • Republican support • Democratic support • Stalwarts • Half-Breeds • Stalwart leader • Half-Breed leader • James Blaine • Roscoe Conkling • Too many loans • Patronage all the way • Some civil service reform • Midwest, rural NE • South, big cities • Patronage • Helps creditors • Helps debtors

  9. I. Election of 1876 and Jim Crow • Rutherford Hayes (R-OH) v. Tilden (D-NY), who won popular vote 184 electoral votes (185 needed). • 3 disputed Southern states – FL, SC,LA – two sets of returns.

  10. Compromise of 1877 • Electoral Count Act – Commission of 15 would count, 8-7 GOP; Compromise 3 days before inauguration: Hayes President, troops out of La/SC. • Civil Rights Cases (1883) – Civil Rights Act 1875 applied to govt, not individuals

  11. Jim Crow South • Jim Crow (segregation) laws passed by Redeemer Southern governments, upheld in Plessy v. Fergeson 1896, enforced through record lynching. • Debt: sharecroppers and tenant farmers; no voting: literacy tests, poll taxes, grandfather clause, white primaries

  12. Election of 1876/compromise of 1877/Rutherfraud B. Hayes - explain

  13. review • Who ran in 1876? • How close did Tilden come to winning? • What were the disputed states? • What were the terms of the Compromise of 1877? • What did the Supreme Court rule in the Civil Rights Cases of 1883? • What court case enshrined segregation laws? • How was segregation enforced in the 1890s? • How did African-Americans suffer economically? Politically?

  14. III. More politics • Nativism – Chinese came to California (“Chinatown in S.F.) to work mines and railroads, mostly male • Irish demagogue Stephen Kearney and others pushed Chinese Exclusion Act 1882, in place until 1943.

  15. 2nd assassination • 1880 GOP ticket Garfield (Ohio)/Arthur instead of Hayes. • Stalwart Charles Guiteau shot Garfield (2nd shortest presidency): “I am a Stalwart. Arthur is now President.”

  16. Pendleton Act, 1882 • Stalwart Arthur signed Pendleton Act – civil service reform/merit system • By promoting good government, Arthur ruined his political career, and died in 1886.

  17. Make your own document • Everybody make a document/cartoon that explains the importance of Garfield’s assassination.

  18. review • Who came to China to work mines and railroads? • What law, pushed by whom, was passed in response? • Who was the second President assassinated? Who killed him and why? • What law did President Arthur sign? How did this affect his political fortunes?

  19. I. Grover “the good” Cleveland • Blaine – “Burn this letter” – the 1884 GOP nominee – pushed mugwumps (sanctimonious) to vote Democrat • Democrat Cleveland, so honest he admitted an illegitimate son

  20. Personal politics • “Burn, burn, burn this letter!” “Ma, ma, where’s my pa?” “Gone to the White House, ha, ha, ha!” • Republican insult of Democrats of “Rum, Romanism, and rebellion” pushed NY Irish to vote Democrat

  21. Laissez-faire (hands off) Cleveland • Vetoed Texas farm bill: “people support the govt; govt doesn’t support the people.” • Fought pension-grabbers and the tariff, which caused a surplus (Oh, no!!!), and he lost to Harrison in 1888

  22. Explain the cartoon and the context

  23. review • Blaine • Mugwump • “Burn, burn, burn this letter!” • “Ma, ma, where’s my pa!” • What response to this? • Laissez-faire • Support the government • Pensions • tariff

  24. II. populism • Republicans under Harrison and House Speaker Thomas Reed passed McKinley Tariff, hurting farmers and losing elections – Cleveland again, only time ever. • Populists – People’s Party – met Omaha, Nebraska and nominated Greenback James Weaver, getting 22 electoral votes

  25. Populist proposals • Free, unlimited silver • Graduated income tax • Govt owned railroads • Direct election of Senators • 1 term Presidency • Initiative, referendum • Shorter workday • Immigration restriction

  26. Challenges to Populism • Georgia’s Tom Watson first wanted interracial populism, but became race-baiting , vociferous segregationist. • Panic of 1893; huge debt; Cleveland got loan from JP Morgan and Wall Street

  27. review • How did Republicans hurt farmers? • Populists: where and what candidate? • Name 8 Populist proposals. • Who was Tom Watson and how did he change?

  28. I. Railroads • 1865 – 32,000 miles of rr; 1900 – 192,500; government subsidized building – 200 million acres given to railroads • Transcontinental RR begun by Union Pacific 1869 • Irish workers: low pay, dangerous , “hells on wheels” towns

  29. Wedding of the Rails • Central Pacific – 10,000 Chinese laborers; ex-California Governor Leland Stanford; blasting through mountain (many explosion deaths) • 1869 wedding of the rails; Stanford drove a golden spike with silver hammar

  30. Railroad revolution • Innovations: steel rail, standard gauge track, Westinghouse air brake, Pullman Palace car, standard time • Economics: Vanderbilt $100 million Markets for raw materials, manufactured goods; source of steel industry

  31. review • How fast did rrs grow? • When was transcontinental rr begun? • What two companies? • What two groups of laborers? • What hazards? • Where was the wedding of the rails? • Name 6 railroad innovations. • What economic significance did the rrs have?

  32. II. Captains of industry/robber barons • Vanderbilt – shipping, then railroads: “The law/the public” • Rockefeller (Reckafellow)– Standard Oil (for lighting first), used trusts; Social Darwinism • Carnegie , then banker JP Morgan– U.S. Steel – vertical integration, stock watering

  33. 2 famous cartoons

  34. legislation • Interstate Commerce Act, over Cleveland’s veto, created Interstate Commerce Commission to regulate railroads. • Often railroad men on the commission, but stabilized system

  35. Inventors/inventions • Kelly/Bessemer – Steel process – cold air blown on hot iron • Bell – telephone; had been a teacher of the deaf • Edison – phonograph, mimeograph, dictaphone, moving picture, lightbulb

  36. review • Rockefeller • Carnegie • Vanderbilt • JP Morgan • Edison • Bell • Bessemer/Kelley • ICC • Regulate railroads • US Steel • Shipping/railroads/ public be damned • Telephone • Steelmaking • Lightbulb, phonograph • Standard Oil

  37. III. Gospel of Wealth • Rockefeller, – God made me rich; Carnegie – Gospel of Wealth – altruism/responsibility. • Social Darwinism – survival of the fittest; Spencer, Darwin

  38. change • Interstate commerce, 14th amendment protected corporations; 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act was originally ineffective. • New South – Henry Grady Atlanta Constitution; Duke – cigarette production; cotton mills with cheap labor and company store

  39. conditions • Women, children doing factory work; inequality and wage labor up. • Regimented, repetitive factory an adjustment for farm workers.

  40. review • Gospel of wealth • Social Darwinism • Why were corporations hard to regulate? • Sherman Antitrust Act • Grady/New South • Name 2 successful Southern industries • 4 Problems of industrialization

  41. I. unions • 1881-1900 23,000 strikes; ½ successful. • Challenges: • 1. scabs • 2. Bought lawyers, press, judges, politicians, and hired thugs (Pinkertons) • 3. Lockout, yellow dog contracts, and blacklist

  42. First two • National Labor Union – 1st; skilled and unskilled; struggled to unite racially; hurt by Depression • Knights of Labor – skilled and unskilled; led by Irish Terence Powderly; fought for 8 hour day; utopian, ruined by Haymarket Square Strike

  43. American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Led by Jewish Samuel Gompers; skilled only • Shunned politics; wanted better hours, pay, conditions • Used long strike, closed shop

  44. review • Union challenges • National Labor Union • Knights of Labor • American Federation of Labor (AFL) • Terence Powderly • Samuel Gompers • Leader of AFL • Leader of Knights of Labor • 1st union; hurt by bad economy • Skilled worker only union; practical goals • Skilled and unskilled; utopian goals

  45. II. urbanization • 1870-1900 – population doubled, but city population tripled. • NY (3.5m) , Philly, Chicago, all over 1 million people.

  46. Pull factors • Came for jobs, electricity, plumbing, telephones (1880 – 50,ooo; 1900 – 1 million), department stores (Sister Carrie) • Congestion addressed by skyscrapers (Sullivan), subways

  47. Urban problems • Crime (police invented) • Trash invented; nothing thrown away on farm; Baltimore smelled like “a million polecats.” • Dumbbell tenements and flophouses for urban poor/slums

  48. leisure • Circus – PT Barnum – “sucker born every minute – Barnum and Bailey • Wild West shows – Buffalo Bill, Annie Oakley • Sports – baseball, basketball/Naismith, football/Walter Camp

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