Introduction: Problem-solution method

1. Introduction: Problem-solution method Source: Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2004). Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills (2nd ed.). Ann Arbor, MI: The University of Michigan Press.

2. Academic conventions Information is presented to readers in a structured format. Even short pieces of writing have regular, predictable patterns of organization. You can take advantage of these patterns, so that readers can still follow, even if you make errors.

3. Academic writing • Description of a situation • Identification of a problem • Description of a solution (The purpose of the study) • Evaluation of the solution

4. Introduction 1 International students often study English for many years before going to an English-speaking country to pursue a graduate degree. Their study of English usually focuses on grammar and reading, with little attention paid to speaking, writing, and listening (Belcher1994). Despite their many years of English instruction, after arriving in an English-speaking country, many international students understandably find that their interactive skills are weak. In particular, they often experience difficulty actually using their English, which can result in frustration and misunderstanding. Recent research has shown that one way to overcome this frustration is to arrange a language exchange with a native speaker of English who wants to learn a foreign language (Brennan 1991). In this arrangement, the two partners exchange their knowledge of their native languages, thus providing a comfortable learning environment. Language exchanges can be one of the best ways to enhance one's language skills, because they are done on a one-to-one basis.

5. Introduction 2 1Madagascar has one of the world's oldest systems of natural reserves. 2This system, established during the early 1900s, was designed to protect lemurs and other animal species unique to the island. 3However, due to severe economic hardship, this island country lacks the funds to properly manage the reserves; as a result, many species risk extinction. 4 One recent solution to this problem has been offered by the international community. 5If Madagascar begins to better protect its reserves, its foreign debt will be reduced. 6This incentive should lead to some level of improvement. (Based on information from Scientific American, January 1993)