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Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg

Solar Energy . absorbed by land and ocean. in 2005. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg. Solar Thermal . Solar heating capacity was 145 GW-thermal in 2008. Solar panels heat up water without involving generating electricity.

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Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg

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  1. Solar Energy absorbed by land and ocean in 2005 Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Available_Energy-2.jpg

  2. Solar Thermal Solar heating capacity was 145 GW-thermal in 2008. Solar panels heat up water without involving generating electricity.

  3. Typical Solar Trough System for Power Generation (heat to work) Solar Troughs Steam Turbine Thermal oil is circulated in a closed loop Electric Generator Steam Generator Condenser Cooling Tower Solar Thermal Solar energy trapped by the solar troughs heats the thermal oil. Oil circulating in a closed loop heats high volumes of water to generate steam at high temperatures (up to 400oC). Steam turbine generates electricity. Source: http://www.solarpanelsplus.com/parabolic-trough-collectors/

  4. Solar Thermal A parabolic trough is a solar thermal energy collector. It is constructed as a long parabolic mirror (usually coated silver or polished aluminum) with a Dewar tube (vacuum flask) running its length at the focal point. Sunlight is reflected by the mirror and concentrated on the Dewar tube. The trough is usually aligned on a north-south axis, and rotated to track the sun as it moves across the sky each day. Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolic_trough

  5. Solar Thermal Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) is the largest solar energy generating facility in the world. It consists of nine solar power plants (built between 1984 and 1990) in California's Mojave Desert, where insolation is among the best available in the US. • - 354 MW installed capacity • power 232,500 homes • have a total of 936,384 mirrors • cover more than 1,600 acres (6.5 km2) • lined up, the parabolic mirrors would extend over 370 km. • 3000 broken mirrors (mostly by wind) per year are replaced Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Energy_Generating_Systems

  6. Solar Thermal

  7. Solar Thermal The solar cooker has a parabolic reflector to concentrate more than a m2 of sunlight into an area about 17 cm in diameter. The control arm allows the reflector to be set facing the sun and holds the pot at the focal point regardless of the reflector tilt angle. The stand holds the other two together and allows the cooker to be rotated to follow the sun as it moves across the sky. Source: http://www.sunspot.org.uk/ed/

  8. Solar Thermal Wind and sunlight are used for drying instead of fuel or electricity. Florida legislation specifically protects the 'right to dry' and similar solar rights legislation has been passed in Utah and Hawaii.

  9. Solar irradiance PV module Inverter Charge controller Battery AC loads DC loads Stand Alone System Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic (PV) cell turn light directly into electricity. Total of installed PV was more than 16 GW in 2008.

  10. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells • CIS Tower, Manchester, Englandis 118 m skyscraper with a weatherproof cladding (replacing the mosaic tiles) around the tower made up of PV cells (alive & dummy cells). • It generates 21 kW electricity (enough to power 61 average 3-bed houses) and feeds part of it to the national grid. £5.5 million

  11. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells • The Pocking Solar Park is a 10 MWp photovoltaic solar • power plant. • - started in August 2005 • completed in March 2006 US$87 million sheep are now grazing under and around the 57,912 photovoltaic modules

  12. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells World's 5 largest Photovoltaic Power Stations1. Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 60MW Completed Sept 2008 2. Puertollano Photovoltaic Park, Spain – 47MW Completed 2008 3. Moura photovoltaic power station, Portugal – 46.4MW Completed Dec 2008 4. Waldpolenz Solar Park, Germany – 40MW Completed Dec 2008 5. Arnedo Solar Plant, Spain – 30MW Completed Oct 2008

  13. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Large Photovoltaic Power Stations in planning - Rancho Cielo Solar Farm, USA - 600MW - Topaz Solar Farm, USA - 550MW - High Plains Ranch, USA - 250MW - Mildura Solar concentrator power station, Australia -154MW

  14. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic Power for Rural Homes In Sri Lanka

  15. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells 7W CFL, 12V Electronics, 10Wp Panel 7Ah MF Battery Backup: 3 to 4 hoursSolar Panel Warrantee: 10 yearsLantern Warrantee: 1 year Solar lantern About Rs 2500/=

  16. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Photovoltaic 'tree' in Austria PV cells could complete with biological plants.

  17. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Inorganic Solar Cells 2nd Generation Thin-film Bulk 3rd Generation Materials Silicon Germanium Silicon CIS Amorphous Silicon CIGS Mono-crystalline CdTe Poly-crystalline Nonocrystalline Silicon GaAs Ribbon Light absorbing dyes

  18. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Inorganic Solar Cells 2nd Generation Thin-film Bulk 3rd Generation Materials Silicon CdTe (cadmium telluride) is easier to deposit and more suitable for large-scale production. Cd is however toxic. Germanium Silicon CIS Amorphous Silicon CIGS Mono-crystalline CdTe Poly-crystalline Nonocrystalline Silicon GaAs Ribbon Light absorbing dyes

  19. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Inorganic Solar Cells 2nd Generation Thin-film Bulk Processing silica (SiO2) to produce silicon is a very high energy process, and it takes over two years for a conventional solar cell to generate as much energy as was used to make the silicon it contains. Silicon is produced by reacting carbon (charcoal) and silica at a temperature around 1700 deg C. And, 1.5 tonnes of CO2 is emitted for each tonne of silicon (about 98% pure) produced. 3rd Generation Materials Silicon Germanium Silicon CIS Amorphous Silicon CIGS Mono-crystalline CdTe Poly-crystalline Nonocrystalline Silicon GaAs Ribbon Light absorbing dyes

  20. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Inorganic Solar Cells 2nd Generation Thin-film Germanium is an “un-substitutable” industrial mineral. 75% of germanium is used in optical fibre systems, infrared optics, solar electrical applications, and other speciality glass uses. Germanium gives these glasses their desired optical properties. Germanium use will likely increase with solar-electric power becomes widely available and as optic cables continue to replace traditional copper wire. Bulk 3rd Generation Materials Silicon Germanium Silicon CIS Amorphous Silicon CIGS Mono-crystalline CdTe Poly-crystalline Nonocrystalline Silicon GaAs Ribbon Light absorbing dyes

  21. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: • Step 1: Virgin material supply limit • The reserve base for germanium in 1999 = 500 Mg • So the virgin material supply limit over the next 50 years • = 500 Mg / 50 years • = 10 Mg/yr Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

  22. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: • Step 2: Allocation of virgin material • Average U.S. population over the next 50 years • = 340 million • Equal allocation of germanium among the average U.S. population gives • (10 Mg/yr) / 340 million • = 29 mg / (person.yr) Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

  23. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: • Step 3: Regional “re-captureable” resource base • Worldwide germanium production from recycled material • ≈ 25% of the total germanium consumed • Equal allocation of virgin germanium among the average U.S. population therefore becomes 1.25*29 mg / (person.yr) • = 36 mg / (person.yr) • The sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S. is thus 36 mg / (person.yr) Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

  24. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells Calculation of United States’ Sustainable Limiting Rate of Germanium Consumption: • Step 4: Current consumption rate vs. sustainable limiting rate • Germanium consumption in U.S. in 1999 = 28 Mg • Population in U.S. in 1999 = 275 million • So, germanium consumption rate in U.S. in 1999 • = 28 Mg / 275 million = 102 mg / (person.yr) • which is about 2.8 times the sustainable limiting rate of germanium consumption in U.S. Source: Graedel, T.E. and Klee, R.J., 2002. Getting serious about sustainability, Env. Sci. & Tech. 36(4): 523-9

  25. Solar Energy – Photovoltaic Cells

  26. Wind Energy Wind energy has a great potential and has rapidly developed over the past 25 years.

  27. Wind Energy 3 MW pilot wind power project at Hambantota The project was commissioned in March 1999. The total project cost was around Rs. 280 million. It consists 5 wind turbines of 600 kW each.

  28. Wind Energy Small-scale Wind power in Nikeweritiya, Sri Lanka - by Practical Action Villagers are trained to do all the installation and maintenance work themselves. Turbine parts are made by local people, from local materials.

  29. Wind Energy The small wind system is approximately 12 m tall, produces 250 W at a rated wind speed of 8 m/s. It costs approximately $550, and should last about 20 years. It powers compact fluorescent light bulbs, a radio, and/or a television. At peak wind times there is excess power that can be used to charge batteries. Small-scale Wind power in Sri Lanka - by Practical Action

  30. Wind Energy - spinning in the lightest of breezes! - low rotation speed! - magnetic levitation alternator - higher reliability - silent output - max power 2500 W 1.8m 2.7m

  31. IAEA2000 IAEA2000

  32. IAEA2000

  33. Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka (in million toe) Petroleum Biomass Hydro Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  34. Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in kilotonne oil equivalent) Petroleum 4,172.25 Biomass 4,626.13 Hydro 828.18 Non-conventional 3.91 Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  35. Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Petroleum 43.3% Hydro 8.6% Biomass 48% Non-conventional <0.1% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  36. Biomass Energy Primary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Petroleum 43.3% Renewable Energy 56.7% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  37. Biomass Energy Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Petroleum 33.8% Electricity 9.7% Biomass 56.5% Who use the biomass? Who use the electricity? Who use the petroleum? Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  38. Biomass Energy Secondary Energy Supply in Sri Lanka in 2005 (in percentage) Industry 26.3% Transport 25.4% Household, Commercial and Others 48.1% Agriculture <0.1% Source: http://www.energy.gov.lk/

  39. Biomass Energy Dendro power generation Grow fast growing tree species, having high energy yield. Eg: Gliricidia Sepium tree Harvest biomass from the forest using coppicing techniques (the tree as a whole is not cut down, but pruned systematically) Transport biomass to the power plant Fed into the furnace of the conventional steam turbine / electrical generator system Or, fed into a gasifier to produce a combustible gas that could be burnt in a diesel engine coupled to an electrical generator. Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3

  40. Biomass Energy Dendro power generation Every MW of dendro power installed creates employment for 300 people in rural communities. Unused land and agricultural smallholds are ideal locations for the establishment of biomass plantations and people can enhance their earnings by selling fuel wood to dendro plants. Employment opportunities are also generated out of the need to establish and manage fuel wood plantations and for plant construction and maintenance work. Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3

  41. Biomass Energy Dendro power generation Biomass is a renewable energy source which is almost carbon neutral as the carbon emissions released during combustion are recaptured during re-growth. However in practice not all biomass generation will be carbon neutral as transportation to the generation plant will generate carbon emissions. The leaves of the Gliricidia Sepium tree can also be used as cattle feed or as a substitute for urea as a soil nutrient. Source: http://www.efsl.lk/details.aspx?catid=3

  42. Biomass Energy Gliricidia Sepium

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