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AP Psychology Unit III: part one. Neurons and The Nervous System. Biological Psychology branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
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AP Psychology Unit III: part one Neurons and The Nervous System
Biological Psychology • branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior • some biological psychologists call themselves behavioral neuroscientists, neuropsychologists, behavior geneticists, physiological psychologists, or biopsychologists • Neuron • a nerve cell • the basic building block of the nervous system Neural Communication
Dendrite • the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body • Axon • the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands • Myelin [MY-uh-lin] Sheath • a layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons • enables vastly greater transmission speed of neutral impulses Neural Communication
Action Potential • a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon • generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s membrane • Threshold • the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse Neural Communication
Synapse junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron • tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft Neural Communication The average neuron has 1,000 synapses with other neurons.
What does a synapse look like? Electron Micrograph Microscopy with Fluorescent Proteins Microscopy with Fluorescent Proteins Murthy_HHMI_teachers_2005_sub.ppt
Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neuronswhen released by the sending neuron, neuro-transmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse Neurotransmitters
CREATE YOUR OWN DIAGRAM OF A NEUROTRANSMITTER Using the definition of a neurotransmitter and your knowledge of a neuron, draw a picture that you could use to explain a neurotransmitter to a 10-year-old
There are dozens of different neurotransmitters (NT) in the neurons of the body. • NTs can be either excitatory or inhibitory • Each neuron generally synthesizes and releases a single type of neurotransmitter • http://youtu.be/haNoq8UbSyc Neurotransmitters
Agonists:Chemicals that mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter and therefore produce similar effects Antagonists:Chemicals that block the neurotransmitter effects Heroin is an agonist for endorphins Alcohol is an antagonist for glutumate (excitatory)
Neurotransmitter molecule Receiving cell membrane Agonist mimics neurotransmitter Receptor site on receiving neuron Antagonist blocks neurotransmitter Neural Communication
Methamphetamineand Dopaminetransmission • Nicotine binds to the presynaptic receptors exciting the neuron to fire more action potentials causing an increase in dopamine release. • Nicotine also affects neurons by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles released. seattlepi.nwsource.com/ methamphetamines/
Drugs That Influence Neurotransmitters NIH Publication No. 00-4871
Dopamine Pathways Neural Communication Serotonin Pathways
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) affect the level of serotonin in the brain. What would this look like as it relates to your neurotransmitter diagram? Reuptake Mechanismthe absorption of a secreted substance by the cell that originally produced it.
Nervous Systemhttp://youtu.be/cqvoV4R7T2g • the body’s speedy, electrochemical communication system • consists of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems • Nerves • neural “cables” containing many axons • part of the peripheral nervous system • connect the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs • http://youtu.be/vGxho71tScM The Nervous System
Nervous system Peripheral Central (brain and spinal cord) Autonomic (controls self-regulated action of internal organs and glands) Somatic Skeletal (controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles) Sympathetic (arousing) Parasympathetic (calming) The Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System • the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart) • Sympathetic • Parasympathetic • Somatic Nervous System • the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
http://youtu.be/YFYRosjcVuU • Sympathetic Nervous System • division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations • Parasympathetic Nervous System • division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy The Autonomic Nervous System
Label the chart above to include the parts and functions of the peripheral nervous system
Neurons in the brain connect with one another to form networks Inputs Outputs The brain learns by modifying certain connections in response to feedback • Neural Networks • interconnected neural cells • with experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results • computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning The Nervous System
Nervous System Central NervousPeripheralNervousSystemSystem BrainSpinalCord
Brain Sensory neuron (incoming information) Interneuron Motor neuron (outgoing information) Muscle Spinal cord Skin receptors • Reflex • a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus The Nervous System
Motor Neurons • carry outgoing information from the CNS to muscles and glands • Sensory Neurons • neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the central nervous system • Interneurons • CNS neurons that internally communicate and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Neurons
