TACTICS OF RULE The New Imperialism 1870-1914

1. TACTICS OF RULEThe New Imperialism 1870-1914 SUPERQUIZ Section III - 13 questions (32.5%) Part 2

2. On to Asia! • Not quite Africa • _____________ served as the main realm for imperial expansion during the late 19th century • Beginning in the early 20th century, however, ___________became the site for aggressive Expansionism • The Middle East • The British began to withdraw support for the ________________________in the late 19th century • This bankrupt political power suffered from • commercial decline • internal dissent • In 1869, the opening of the __________________caused the Ottoman Empire to lose its strategic role to Britain • Previously, the Ottoman Empire had served as the British __________________to Asia Africa Asia Ottoman Empire Suez Canal gateway

3. India was a major supplier of raw materials Indians must buy finished goods from Britain Indians must produce raw materials for Britain Jewel in the Crown Tea, indigo, coffee, cotton, and jute, opium

4. South and Central Asia • India retained its status as the jewel of the British Empire • The British monarchy ruled India directly after 1857 • Indian trade and capital investment remained a crucial part of Britain • London financiers provided upwards of £________________ to India from 1875 to 1900 • Most of this money went to the construction of railroads • India emerged as Britain’s chief market for export goods by World War I 2,500,000

5. British politicians often worried about the security of India • Russia and other expansionist powers threatened India’s borders • The ________________War • The allied forces • British, • French, and • Ottoman Turks • fought the Russians • lasted from ______ to _______ Crimean 1854 1856

6. The Great Game

7. The Great Game

8. The Great Game • The Great Game was the formal and informal diplomacy between ______and ______ at the time • The Anglo-Russian Entente of _______ • brought the Great Game to a close • settled British and Russian differences over • Tibet, • Afghanistan, and • Persia • ____________ was separated into Russian and British spheres of influence • Russia consolidated its hold on Central Asia Russia Britain 1907 Persia

9. Southeast Asia and the South Pacific • The Dutch strengthened their hold on the Dutch East Indies in the era of new imperialism • The Dutch East India consisted of the Indonesian islands of • Sumatra, • Java, • Borneo, and • the western half of New Guinea • Rubber and coffee sustained the colonial plantation economy • The British expanded through Southeast Asia • Burma was annexed in ______ • The British also appropriated part of Malaya in ______ 1886 1896

10. French Expansion • late 19th century: French expanded holdings in Southeast Asian • French commercial interests existed in Indochina from the early 19th century • ________ & ________in Vietnam became part of the French Empire in __________ • The Black Flags resisted French encroachment • This well-organized militant group appealed for help from the Chinese • The Chinese had formerly ruled over Vietnam • The French seized Cambodia and Laos in ________ • France formed the __________________Union in 1894 Tonkin Annam 1883 1893 French Indochina

11. Mid-19th Century Competition in the South Pacific • Europeans saw South Pacific Islanders as “primitives” needing European protection • Imperial powers soon came to dominate Oceania

12. Mid-19th Century Competition in the South Pacific • Imperialists split Samoa into _________Samoa and _____________ Samoa • The South Pacific provided cheap labor for Australian sugar plantations • Fiji enjoyed a prosperous sugar economy German America

13. American Imperialism in the South Pacific • Traditionally, the United States had remained __________________ • In 1898, however, the nation annexed ________ • This strategic naval base in the Pacific Ocean also enjoyed economic prosperity from growing sugar cane and producing pineapples • The United States received Spanish territories after the Spanish-American War • Control over Cuba had sparked these hostilities • Territories included • Cuba, Guam, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico isolationist Hawaii

15. American Imperialism in the South Pacific Philippines • The _______________ mounted a great resistance movement against the United States • The United States officially declared the Philippines an American territory after three years of fighting • ______________________________led the Filipino insurrection • The United States captured him prior to declaring the Philippines a territory • South Pacific expansion and increased economic and political influence in Latin America transformed the United States into a global power Emiliano Aguinaldo

16. East Asia • China’s continued decline and Japan’s rise to global power constituted the main East Asian developments of the late 19th century • Chinese conservatives opposed reformers’ attempts at modernization • Proposed improvements included railroad constructions • The pattern of European domination in China from the mid 19th century continued • The United States and European powers annexed territory, forced trade concessions, and lent money to the Chinese government on adverse terms • The Chinese needed to borrow money from Europe following the _____________________ War from 1894 to 1895 • The Japanese extracted a war indemnity from the Chinese following the conflict over Korean control • Europeans subsequently received trade privileges and permission to construct railroads Sino-Japanese

17. German • Two ___________ missionaries in China were murdered in 1897 • Europeans took full advantage of this situation to exploit China • The Chinese granted Germany a lease on the port city of ____________ • Germans also received the right to build railroads in the province of Shandong • Russia seized _______________ • The French obtained a lease on __________ Bay • A sphere of influence in southern China soon followed Qingdao Port Arthur Canton

18. The Open Door Policy • The United States instituted the Open Door policy in _________ • This agreement prevented further dividing up of ___________ • All colonizing nations except ________ agreed to the Open Door policy • All nations received equal ___________rights throughout China • China thus retained some territorial integrity 1898 China Japan trading

19. The Open Door Policy Secretary John Hay. Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China. Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

20. The Open Door Policy

21. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 Patriotic Harmonious Fists • The _____________________________protested the corrupting influences of _______________ • This group is known as the ____________ because of its members’ martial arts training • Foreign devils included • soldiers, • traders, and • missionaries • The rebellion mostly occurred in northern China • Foreign embassies in Beijing endured a two-month siege • Boxers attacked Chinese, American, and European Christians in the province of _____________ • Railroads also became a target of sabotage Foreign devils Boxers Shandong

22. The Boxer Rebellion: 1900 • Sent 20,000 troops crushed the revolt • Japan, • Britain, • France, • Italy, • Germany, • the United States, and • Russia • The _________ dynasty was forced to pay a substantial indemnity Qing

23. Boxers

25. Rise of the Chinese NationalistsFall of the Qing Dynasty • The Chinese nationalist movement overthrew the Qing Dynasty in ___________ • ___________led this revolution • Imperial economic exploitation fueled the nationalists • Railway leases allowed imperialists to exploit colonies economically 1911 Sun Yat-sen

26. The Chinese Empire under Siege Empress Dowager Cixi, 1835-1908 HIST 2322 / IDST 2373 Dr. Keller

27. Japan • Japan experienced a wildly different fate than China • The _______ Restoration of 1868 transformed Japan into an industrial giant • The Japanese soon sought global influence • Japan gained a foothold in Korea in ________ from a Korean revolt against Chinese influence • The Chinese lost the ______________War from 1894 to 1895 • Japan subsequently annexed ________and gained trading privileges and political influence in ____________ Meiji 1894 Sino-Japanese Taiwan Korea

28. Japan vs. Russia • Japanese victory in the Russo-Japanese War from _____to _______sent out global shockwaves • Influence in Chinese-held _____________ and Korea formed the basis for war • Conflict occurred following Russian attempts to take ____________Province in China • The Russians especially sought the ice-free harbor of __________ • The Japanese controlled this port after the Sino-Japanese War • Japan retained possession of Liaotung following the country’s victory over Russia • The Russians ceded their sphere of influence in Manchuria to _____________ • Japan also gained control over half of ______________ Island and Russian railroads in Manchuria 1904 1905 Manchuria Liaotung Port Arthur Japan Sakhalin

29. The Limits of Imperial Power • Europeans suddenly realized the limits to their imperial power following the Russo-Japanese War • Colonial subjects found______in European defeat • The Russo-Japanese War also played a part in the first ________________________in 1905 • This revolt against the regime of Tsar Nicholas failed hope Russian Revolution

30. Japan annexed Korea in 1910

31. 3.10 IDENTIFY (pp. 84-86)Place value. Khartoum Omdurman Bugamda Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)

32. 3.10 IDENTIFY (pp. 84-86)Place value. Cape Colony Union of South Africa Fashoda India

33. 3.10 IDENTIFY (pp. 84-86)Place value. Russia Marshall Islands Samoa Hawaii

34. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Great Game • Political maneuverings--both formal and informal—between British and Russians ending with the Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907

35. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Anglo-Russian Entente of 1907 • Agreement that finally resolved British and Russian differences over Persia, Tibet, and Afghanistan

36. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Black Flags • A well-organized militant Vietnamese resistance movement fighting French infiltration

37. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Sino-Japanese War • 1894-95 war fought over control of Korea where the Chinese were forced to borrow money from Europeans to help finance the war

38. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Open Door Policy • A 1898 agreement allowing all colonizing nations except Japan equal trading rights in all parts of China

39. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Boxer Rebellion • A 1900 protest against foreign influence in China that was suppressed by a force of colonizing troops

40. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Meiji Restoration • 1868 series of reforms that thrust Japan into a seat of industrial power

41. 3.11 DEFINITIONS (pp. 86-87) • Russo-Japanese War • 1904-05 clashes over Chinese-held Manchuria and Korea which was won by the Japanese

42. The Mission of New Imperialism • Introduction • New imperialism contained different ideological foundations than the concept of the liberal empire • Factors contributing to the mission of new imperialism • Anticolonial revolts in India • the European Darwinian revolution • Europeans began redefining their cultural, biological, and political relationship to colonial subject

43. Liberal empire’s failure • Europeans gradually abandoned the idea of Europeanizing non-Western peoples • The idea to improve colonial subjects within their own cultural context arose instead • Imperial rule by force replaced paternalistic justifications for empire • Attempts to legitimize imperialist presence began disappearing by the mid 19th century • ________________ of cultural differences supplanted these ideas up through the era of new imperialism intolerance

44. Belief in Biological Inferiority • By the late 19th century, many Europeans believed that imperial subjects were ____________inferior • As a result, colonists believed that they could not bridge the ______ or improve their subjects • Europeans thus let themselves off the hook for the responsibility of civilizing subjects • The ___________________________of 1857 also contributed to these ideas • British expectations regarding colonial subjects changed drastically following this event biologically gap Indian Rebellion

45. Rudyard Kipling • Rudyard Kipling represented the ______________view of many imperialists in the late 19th century • This British poet wrote ______________________ • The poem chronicles the thankless and futile task of bringing civilization to colonial subjects • The supposedly uncivilized peoples returned European kindness with _______________ • A civilizing mission ultimately would fail as primitive peoples only slid back into their natural states pessimistic “The White Man’s Burden” hostility

46. ‘‘The White Man’s Burden’’ ~ Rudyard Kipling ‘‘Take up the White Man’s ________--- And reap his old reward; The ______ of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard---- And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch _____and heathen ____ Bring all your hopes to nought” Burden blame folly sloth

47. ‘‘The White Man’s Burden’’ ~ Rudyard Kipling

48. The influence of Darwin • European ideological developments had a greater effect on the _________________than the politics of imperial rule • In the late 19th century, the Darwinian revolution forever changed what it meant to be __________ civilizing mission human

50. Herbert Spencer Mr. Social Darwinism