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Genetics

Genetics. GREGOR MENDEL and HIS WORK. Genetics. the study of heredity the way in which traits of parents are passed on to offspring. Gregor Mendel. Austrian Monk Considered the “Father of Heredity” did experiments with peas and proved that certain characteristics…….

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Genetics

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  1. Genetics GREGOR MENDEL and HIS WORK

  2. Genetics • the study of heredity • the way in which traits of parents are passed on to offspring

  3. Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Considered the “Father of Heredity” did experiments with peas and proved that certain characteristics……..

  4. ………. • Such as color and height, are passed from parent to offspring

  5. Differences • all differences in organisms are not caused by genetics • some are caused by the environment • the conditions under which the animals are raised

  6. Dominant and Recessive Traits

  7. Dominant Traits Dominant traits are characteristics that people see you have

  8. Symbols • dominant genes • capital letters A

  9. Recessive Traits Recessive traits are characteristics that you have which people cannot see

  10. Symbols • recessive genes • lower case letters a

  11. When someone has a recessive trait that can be seen, it means that they inherited one recessive trait from each parent

  12. What are some dominant and recessive traits?

  13. Phenotypes THE EXTERNAL APPEARANCE OF AN ORGANISM

  14. Genotypes THE GENETIC MAKEUP OF AN ORGANISM

  15. MENDEL’S GENETICS

  16. Mendel studied 7 traits in peas. *SEED SHAPE*SEED COLOR*POD SHAPE*POD COLOR*FLOWER COLOR*FLOWER LOCATION*STEM SIZE

  17. HE PLANTED EACH TYPE IN A SEPARATE GARDEN • GREW THEM UNTIL HE WAS SURE THAT ALL TALL PLANTS PRODUCED TALL PLANTS & ALL ROUND PEA PLANTS PRODUCED ROUND PEAS AND SO ON…

  18. IN OTHER WORDS, HE GREW AND POLLINATED PUREBRED PLANTS TALL WITH TALL ROUND PEAS WITH ROUND PEAS SHORT WITH SHORT ETC...

  19. THEN HE TRANSFERRED THE POLLEN OF THE TALL PLANT TO THE SHORT PLANT, THE ROUND PEA TO THE WRINKLED PEA, ETC….

  20. HE FOUND THAT ALL ROUND PEA PLANTS CROSSED WITH WRINKLED PEA PLANTS PRODUCED ROUND PEAS PLANTS WHATEVER HAD CAUSED THE PLANT TO BE WRINKLED HAD DISAPPEARED HE REPEATED THIS WITH EACH PHENOTYPE

  21. HE FOUND THAT THE RECESSIVE TRAITS WERE STILL THERE, JUST HIDDEN

  22. HE CALLED THE TRAITS THAT WERE SEEN : DOMINANT HE CALLED THE TRAITS THAT WERE NOT SEEN : RECESSIVE

  23. HE CALLED THE OFFSPRING WITH ONE DOMINANT FACTOR AND ONE RECESSIVE FACTOR: HYBRID

  24. MEIOSIS

  25. Nucleus • contains the genetic material

  26. Chromosomes • carry the genes • exist in pairs in all cells except sperm and egg cells

  27. Genes • single determiner of a hereditary trait

  28. Cell Division • two types • Mitosis • Meiosis

  29. Mitosis • cell division for growth • this division never ends • chromosome pairs are duplicated exactly alike

  30. Mitosis Steps of mitosis • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • Cytokinesis

  31. IF YOU RECALL... Dominant gene • in a pair, hides the effect of another gene Recessive gene • the gene which is hidden by a dominant gene

  32. Gamete • mature egg or sperm cell • each gamete has half the original number of chromosomes

  33. Examples of dominant genes • tongue rolling • free ear lobes • brown hair

  34. Examples of recessive genes • color red in Holsteins(cows) • dwarfism

  35. Mitosis T t Meiosis T t Mitosis t t

  36. Steps of Meiosis • Interphase • Prophase I • Metaphase I • Anaphase I • Telophase I

  37. Steps of Meiosis • Interphase • Prophase II • Metaphase II • Anaphase II • Telophase II • Cytokinesis

  38. Meiosis • cell division of reproductive cells (sperm and egg) • each new cell is not exactly like the old one

  39. Meiosis • allows for random assortment of parental genes

  40. Meiosis • in each new cell chromosomes are not in pairs • each new cell contains half of the original number of chromosomes

  41. Prophase I

  42. Metaphase I

  43. Anaphase I

  44. Telophase I

  45. Cytokinesis

  46. CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE BUT DNA DOES NOT DUPLICATE

  47. CHROMATIDS SEPARATE AND ARE PULLED TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF CELL PAIRED CHROMATIDSLINE UP ACROSS MIDDLE OF CELL

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