Tectogrammatical Annotation of English

1. Tectogrammatical Annotation of English 19.4.2007

2. TR_En • Sentence Representation Structure • Specific Phenomena • English-annotation Specific Phenomena

3. predicative complement/dual dependency ambiguous dependency verbal and verbless clauses grammatical ellipsis of the predicate (#EmpVerb) verbless clauses (DENOM) vocative clauses (VOCAT) interjectional clauses (PARTL) dependent verbal clauses without a finite verb form false dependent clauses which coordination parenthesis ellipsis comparison restriction, exceptional conjoining Sentence Representation Structure

4. Predicative Complement(COMPL) • free (non-valency) modification!!! • simultaneous modification of a noun and a verb • attribute compl.rf (green arrow to the noun)

5. They found their friend ill. I say it as a layman. They sent the voucher as apology for delays. I like coffee black. She died young. He came running. He came full of apologies. She was leaving defeated. He stood there, {having} his hands in his pockets. He was found guilty. EFF He was elected president. EFF It made him happy.EFF They regard him as a layman.EFF He seems fit.PAT She painted the wall green.RESL She dresses young.MANN The door fits tight.MANN He went out,.CONJ {and he was} an ugly old man. COMPL non-COMPL

6. Julia, being a nun, spent much of her time in meditation. Julia, who was a nun.DESCR, spent ... Julia,.APPS a nun, spent ... John, tired. DESCR, went home. Pierre Vinken, 50 (years old).DESCR, was elected chairman. COMPL non-COMPL

7. Always non-COMPL • Mary heard John cry(ing). (raised object) • This drives me nuts.DPHR (phraseme) • She looks good.PAT (semantically it is in fact MANN, but it is an inner participant of look in the sense of appear) • The old man came in a shabby coat.MANN (prepositional group)

8. Ambiguous Dependency • PDT: as low in the tree as possible X PTB: as high as possible. Keep the PTB resolutions whenever possible. • (To the insurace company) He repaid his debts (to the insurance company). • He bought (for 70 CZK) a belt (for 70 CZK).

9. Ambiguous Dependency • He arrived on Thursday 5th (of) January 1997. • It is located two kilometers from the river.

10. Ambiguous Dependency • We will meet at the Central station in the hall. • Give it to our director Novak.

11. Ambiguous Dependency • There are steamboats on the Vltava river. • She was quick to shut the door.

12. Verbal Clauses 1) finite verb form, infinite verb form, contextual predicate ellipsis 2) !!! grammatical ellipsis of the predicate !!! • lexicalized glosses, typically adverbs: • {#EmpVerb.PRED}Very well/of course/... .ATT • imperative noun phrases(often + please/adverb) • {#EmpVerb.PRED}water!/attention!/coffee!.PAT • inviting noun phrases(“would you like”/”may I offer you”) • {#EmpVerb.PRED}cigarette?/another coffee?.PAT • noun phrases as wh-questions(What is...?) • {#EmpVerb.PRED} Your name?.ACT • exclamationsWhat a...! • {#EmpVerb.PRED} What.RSTR a beautiful day!.ACT • exclamations, Y/N adj questions {This is...+ adj, Is it... + adj?} • {#EmpVerb.PRED} very interesting!.PAT • {#EmpVerb.PRED} Boring?.PAT • adverbials (with prepositions) • {#EmpVerb.PRED} In Prague.LOC, at 5 p.m.TWHEN • formulaic expressions {Have...!/Do...! /I wish you...} • {#EmpVerb.PRED} Good evening!/Merry Christmas!/ Hands up!/All the best!.PAT

13. Verbless Clauses • (possible) adverbials (without prepositions) • 10 years.DENOM • exclamations with a relative clause • The clothes.DENOM she wears.RSTR! • exclamations You and your... • You.DENOM and.CONJ your statistics.DENOM! revision • exclamations – n./adj. phrases, approval/disapproval {This is a....!} • Charming couple! Excellent meal! REVISION – not adj. phrases • assertion, conveying info, warning, forgetfulness • False alarm./No news./Fire!/The cake!/Mom’s birthday!.DENOM • noun phrases as yes/no questions – except offers/invitations • New hat?/Good flight?/Any luck?.DENOM

14. Vocative Clauses • George!.VOCAT • You.RSTR idiot!.VOCAT • the inscription: Brothers.ID!

15. Interjections • not limited to sounds!!! • Oops!/Wow!/Oh!.PARTL • Yes/No/Sorry/Well/Hello/Bye!.PARTL

16. Dependent Clause - Infinite Verb • predicative complement • The professor, inspired.COMPL by the article,... • copula/phase predicate • He remains inspired.PAT by... • adverbial clause (prep.+partic.) • The house, although indebted.CNCS, ... • dependency on a noun • two possibilities how to get.PAT money • verb control • He told her to leave.PAT • incongruent participial constructions • Judging/judged.COND by his face, he was angry. (incongruent participles) • Frankly/Strictly/Technically speaking.COND, bla bla • partic. constructions frozen into subordinators • <including>, <excluding>, ... see list of Subordinators.

17. Adjective Introduced by a Subordinator He has always been an influential, though controversial figure.

18. False Dependent Clause (DESCR) • He run into an elephant in the garden, which killed him.

19. False Dependent Clause (AIM) He left, never to come back again.

20. False Dependent Clause (COND) If I seem angry sometimes, it’s usually because I’m tired.

21. Which • (prep +) which + relative clause coreferent with a modification • (prep +) which + relative clause coreferent with the predicate • which + be in apposition with a modification • which + be + why coreferent with the predicate • which + be + wh-word coreferent with the predicate • which + be + wh-word modifying a modification • which + be + wh-word in apposition with a modification

22. 1. Which + Relative Clause Modifying a Modification • He run into an elephant in the garden, which killed him. NB: This sentence is ambiguous. It could also be resolved as a relative clause depending on the predicate (“running into an elephant killed him”).

23. 2. Which + Relative Clause Coreferent with the Predicate We have not answered your question completely, for which we apologize.

24. 3. which + be in Apposition with a Modification He’s got five points, which was the maximum.

25. 4. Which + be + why Coreferent with the Predicate She's poor, which is why she had to come to Arthur. -The same TR representation also applies to: She's poor, that's why she had to come to Arthur. <Which/that, is/was> why.CM

26. 5. Which + be + wh-word Coreferent with the Predicate In the process, the uranium (loses, or) is depleted(,) of almost half its radioactivity, which is how depleted uranium gets its name.

27. 6. Which + be + wh-word Modifying a Modification This is where you find Ogden Utah, which is where the Central Pacific and Union Pacific railroads met in 1869.

28. 7. Which + be + wh-word in Apposition with a Modification To be successful, the formula is this reach combined with frequency, which is how often viewers will receive.

29. Coordination

30. Coordination/Ellipsis – change!!! The presidents of Greece and (of) Austria were present at the ceremony.

31. Parenthesis • the entire subtree: [is_parenthesis=1] • syntactically incorporated (all functors) • syntactically non-incorporated (functor PAR) • lexicalized (functor ATT) To think.ATT[is_parenthesis=1]....! Whatthe hell.ATT[is_parenthesis=1]...? The court,as it seems.PAR[is_parenthesis=1], will make no decision today. The court, I think.PAR[is_parenthesis=1], will make no decision today. I think (that) the court willmake. PAT[is_parenthesis=0] no decision today. It’s been annoying, to say.PAR the least. To conclude. AIM [is_parenthesis=0], let us look at the figures. Oh God. PARTL [is_parenthesis=0], what should we do? Frankly speaking.COND [is_parenthesis=0], she has chosen a wrong partner.

32. Ellipsis (Selection) • constituent coordination: as low as possible: • before: He bought red {wine} and white wine. • now: He bought red and white wine. • Contextual ellipsis of a multi-word predicate Do you know him? I <don’t> {know}.PRED {#Neg.RHEM} {#PersPron}.PAT I <do> {#VerbPron}.PRED {#PersPron}.PAT. Do you have to go? I <do>#VerbPron.PRED #VerbPron.PAT #Cor.ACT #OblFm.DIR1.(NEW, REVISION PROPOSAL!!!)

33. Let’s go! • Allow someone to do something: (John.VOCAT,) please, {#PersPron.ACT} let.PRED us.PAT (=me and Mary) go.EFF! • Imperative for the 1st person plural: <Let>’s. ACT go.PRED!

34. Reciprocity <each other/one another>.#Rcp.PAT

35. #Gen, #Cor, #Unsp = #NewNode

36. Comparison (CPR)

37. Comparison Mary sang like John. = Mary sang “equally” like John sang. Mary sang like John did. = Mary sang “equally” like John #VerbPron.

38. Comparison He is fit as a fiddle. = He is fit as a fiddle is fit. Mary is the same as John. = Mary is the same as John is “some”. Mary is like John = Mary is “equal” like John is “some”.

39. Restriction (RESTR) except, with the exception of, excluding, (all/none) but, beyond, apart from, unless, bar, barring, besides

40. Restriction • totalizer: no/every/.../#Total • The worst period of my life, apart from the war,... • “normality”, “regular state” • Exceptthis week I’ll be teaching regularly. • unless, apart from the fact that • We do not share e-mail addresses with third parties unless required to do so by law. • exceptional conjoining (besides) • Besides {going} to Rome, they also went to Venice.

41. Restriction She does nothing but complain all day long. (totalizer) Except this week I'll be teaching regularly. (normality, regular state)

42. Restriction –Totalizer Insertion Except for dates, ordinals should be written in words.

43. Restriction – Ellipsis of the Verb • restrictive subordinator introducing a prepositional phrase: Reformists have no access to free media except to the Internet. = Reformists have no access to free media except that they have access to the Internet.

44. Restriction – Ellipsis of the Verb • restrictive subordinator introducing when, where, what (not governed by #EmpNoun): I hardly.EXTever.THO get the chance to study except {that I do get the chance to study} when the children have gone to bed. Hardly ever: ever=totalizer. • revision: No subtypes with #EmpNoun! The following is to be resolved as totalizer ellipsis: BEFORE (current manual): The scan looks very good <apart from> #EmpNoun.RESTR where the error occurred.RSTR. PROPOSED:The scan looks very good {#Total.LOC (= everywhere)} apart fromthat it looks {#Neg.RHEM} good.RESTR where the error occurred. No #EmpNoun like {the places} where the error occurred. Cf. which/that is where is neither resolved as which/that is {the place} where.RSTR... but <which/that, is> where.LOC/DIR3

45. Restriction – Negation Insertion • when the restrictive subordinator introduces a prepositional group/wh-word • apart from: sometimes ambiguous; semantic interpretation up to the annotator! Lane closures will effect Castle Boulevard and Castle Bridge Road, access is maintained apart from to the Castle = (...), access is maintained {#Total.LOC(everywhere)} apart from that access is {#Neg.RHEM (not)} maintained to the Castle. And have you ever been in the hospital as a day patient apart from when you were having a baby? = And have you ever been in the hospital (...) apart from that you were in the hospital when you were having a baby? ≠ And have you ever been in the hospital (...) apart from that you were not in the hospital when you were having a baby?

46. Also Resolved as Restriction • We can but guess at the extent of the problem. • Mary, John and Peter, to name but a few. • I never take a bath but the phone rings.

47. Not Resolved as Restriction • But for John, we would have lost this match. • Barring accidents, we will be there on time. • He did all but strangled me. • I’d be glad to help, except that I’m going to be away this weekend.

48. Consecutive Clauses (RESL)

49. Consecutive Clauses • #AsMuch • enough in a copula-predicate: EXT • Fumes are often enough.EXT to activate the alarm. • enough as a semantic adjective: EXT • People with AIDS have enough.EXT #EmpNoun.PAT to bear.RSTR • (flowers) Given the variety available there are enough.EXT #PersPron.ACT to fill our summer with colour.

50. Non-RESL • Postponed attributes: They had the votes necessary.RSTR to defeat.AIM the amendment.