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India

India. India. Himalaya Mountain Range Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Rivers: Indus, Ganges. Early cities in the river valleys (Indus and Ganges) Floods are unpredictable and can be dangerous. Harappan Civilization (2500-1500 BC) Indus River Valley. Mohenjodaro: Harappan city.

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India

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  1. India

  2. India Himalaya Mountain Range Arabian Sea Bay of Bengal Rivers: Indus, Ganges

  3. Early cities in the river valleys (Indus and Ganges) Floods are unpredictable and can be dangerous

  4. Harappan Civilization (2500-1500 BC)Indus River Valley

  5. Mohenjodaro: Harappan city

  6. MohenjodaroWhat can you say about the city by looking at this plan?

  7. Challenges to our understanding! • We have seen development of elites, social differentiation in Egypt and Mesopotamia • Hierarchy is shown in architecture: Temples, Tombs, Palaces • None here!

  8. Harappan Writing 450 Symbols Inscriptions usually 5 symbols long

  9. Harappan Seals Sacred cow in India today

  10. What happened to this early Indus Civilization? Economic collapse? Environment? Invasion?Aryans establish new cities along the Ganges river

  11. Caste System • Priests (Brahmins) • Warriors (Kshatriyas) • Traders, merchants, artisans, free farmers (Vaisya) • Slaves, servants (Sudra) • Untouchables

  12. Caste-based discrimination is now illegal in Indiabut people still often marry within their caste Brahmin Wedding

  13. Hinduism • mixture of Aryan and earlier Indian gods and practices • no single founder or doctrine—long process of development (1500 BC – 500 BC) • Third largest world religion after Christianity and Islam

  14. Teachings of Hinduism • Traditionally Hindus must abide by caste laws (dharma) by accumulating good deeds (karma) so that when one is reborn / reincarnated (samsara) you find yourself in a better position in the caste system. Eventually – with enough Karma you may experience moksha - a release of cycle of rebirth and reincarnation

  15. Ahimsa - non-violence • Important for good karma • Principle used by Ghandi in peacefully resisting the British rule of India

  16. Hindu Gods • major gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva

  17. Hindu Devotional Practices • acquiring religious learning (  guru) • asceticism • meditation • yoga

  18. Bhagavad Gita - world’s longest epic story

  19. Diwali (= festival commemorating the return of Rama and Sita after defeating the demon king Ravana, from Ramayana)

  20. There are two major types of Hindu templesThe Northern Style looks like a mountain

  21. The Southern Indian temple looks like a multi-level pyramid

  22. Where is this temple? Northern or Southern India ?

  23. North or South ?

  24. Mauryan Dynasty (321-185 B.C.) • first dynasty to rule all of India • Ashoka (= first Buddhist emperor)

  25. Buddhism • Siddharta Gautama (563-483 BCE) = Buddha • lived in great luxury and isolation; however, one day he encountered a sick person, an old person, and a dying person, and he started to think about human misery and how to escape this misery.

  26. Buddhism • Spent years wandering, fasting, meditating • Siddharta became Buddha - “the enlightened one” • preached for rest of life, founded Buddhist order of monks

  27. Teachings of Buddhism • cause of all human suffering is desire for worldly things • worldly things are illusory • ultimate spiritual reality of things = nirvana • possible to reach nirvana -by turning away from evil -by denying the human body -by deep meditation

  28. Buddhist Shrines

  29. Spread of Buddhism • India: attractive to low castes • spread by monks and pilgrims

  30. Buddhism in Different Parts of the World

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