JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language

JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language Sound Changes (2)

The differences between the phonetic systems of modern/old Japanese • The vowel system: An 8-vowel system? • The consonants of the エ段 syllables (セ, etc.) • The consonants of チ・ツ・ヂ・ヅ・ジ・ズ • The consonants of the ハ行・パ行 syllables • ワ・ヰ・_・ヱ・ヲ • ヤ・_・ユ・江・ヨ

There were no 拗音 (ようおん)’s (like キャ) • The syllable final nasal (‘ン’) didn’t exist • There was no consonant geminate (‘ッ’) • There was no long vowel (‘ー’)

1. The eight-vowel hypothesis • 上代特殊仮名遣 (じょうだいとくしゅかなづかい) • 万葉仮名: Use of 漢字’s as phonograms (借音) e.g. 夜麻 (やま), 也万 (やま)

甲類 vs. 乙類 (A-series vs. B-series) こ (子),こひ (恋こい): 古, 故, 高, 胡, 姑, … こ (此),こゑ (声こえ): 許, 去, 居, 虚, 巨, … こ甲vs. こ乙 • カ・ガ・ハ・バ・マ行のイ段・エ段 • カ・ガ・サ・ザ・タ・ダ・ナ・マ・ヤ・ラ行のオ段

The 8 vowel hypothesis: [a], [i], [ï], [u], [e], [ë], [o], [ö] 甲類 (こうるい): [i], [e], [o] 乙類 (おつるい): [ï], [ë], [ö] • weak points • typologically unlikely system • constraints on consonant-vowel pairings (esp. for [ï] and [ë])

The 6 vowel hypothesis: [a], [i], [u], [e], [o], [ö] ([ə]) • The vowel of “乙類オ段音” is a mid-central vowel. • The 甲/乙 distinction in the イ段音・エ段音 corresponds to palatalization of the consonant. キ甲 [ki]vs. キ乙 [kji] (cf. クィ vs. キ) ケ甲 [ke]vs. ケ乙 [kje] (cf. ケ vs. キェ) {[ki], [kji]} → kji {[ke], [kje]} → kje → ke

The 甲・乙 distinction of イ・エ段 exists only in: • カ・ガ・ハ・バ・マ行 but not in: • ア行 • ヤ・ワ行 (palatal/velar approximant) • サ・ザ・タ・ダ・ナ・ラ行 (alveolar)

上代(hypothesis): “An alveolar consonant preceding [i] or [e] must be palatalized or become (alveo-)palatal.” “A non-alveolar consonant preceding [i] or [e] can be either palatalized or not.” 中古 ~ 中世(hypothesis): “A consonant preceding [i] or [e] must be (alveo-)palatal or palatalized.” 現代(fact): “A consonant preceding [i] must be (alveo-)palatal or palatalized.”

Nara • シ [ʃi]・ジ [ʒi]・チ [tji]・ヂ [dji]・ニ [nji]・リ [rji] • セ [ʃe]・ゼ [ʒe]・テ [tje]・デ [dje]・ネ [nje]・レ [rje] modern • シ [ʃi]・ジ [ʤi]・チ [ʧi]・ヂ [ʤi]・ニ [nji]・リ [rji] • セ [se]・ゼ [ze]・テ [te]・デ [de]・ネ [ne]・レ [re]

Roland Lange (「文献資料に反映した中世日本語エ列音の口蓋性」国語学 86 S46) up to late 15c • [kje] > [ke] • [ʃe] > [se]

音節結合法則 (おんせつけつごうほうそく) (有坂秀世ありさかひでよ; 1933) • 乙類オ段音 do not co-occur with 甲類オ段音 within a single word; e.g. イト甲コ甲　（従兄弟）, ソ乙コ乙 (底) • 乙類オ段音 rarely co-occur with ウ段音 within a single word. • 乙類オ段音 rarely co-occur with ア段音 within a single word.

[u] became unrounded ([ɯ]) in the mid-18th century

2. サ・ザ行エ段音 サシスセソ; シャシュシェショ (Nara) • [sa] [ʃi] [su] [ʃe] [so] (mid-Heian?) • [sa] [ʃi] [su] [ʃe] [so]; [ʃa] [ʃu] [ʃo] (Modern) • [sa] [ʃi] [su] [se] [so]; [ʃa] [ʃu] [ʃe] [ʃo] [ʃe] > [se] (ap-to-a) by 16c in the East in mid-19c in the West

(advanced issue) Phonetics [sa] [ʃi] [su] [se] [so]; [ʃa] [ʃu] [ʃe] [ʃo] Phonology /sa/ /si/ /su/ /se/ /so/; /sja/ /sju/ /sje/ /sjo/ • hanas-u [hanasu], hanas-i-te [hanaʃite] Realization Rules • /s/ is realized as [ʃ] when it is followed by /i/ or /j/; otherwise, /s/ is realized as [s]. • /j/ is deleted after Rule 1 was applied.

ザジズゼゾ; ジャジュジェジョ (Nara) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo] (mid-Heian?) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo] (Modern) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ze] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒe] [ʒo] Note: in the 17th century, [ʒi]/[zu] (and [ʒa]/[ʒu]/[ʒo]) began to freely alternate with [ʤi]/[ʣu] (and [ʤa]/[ʤu]/[ʤo]); affricates are more common in modern Japanese.

(advanced issue) Phonetics [ʣa] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ʣe] [ʣo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo] Phonology /za/ /zi/ /zu/ /ze/ /zo/; /zja/ /zju/ /zje/ /zjo/

(advanced issue) ザジズゼゾ; ジャジュジェジョ (東日本) (Nara) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo] (mid-Heian?) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo] (by 16 c) (ap-to-a) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ze] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo] (late 17 c) (affrication) • [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo] (Modern) • [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]

(advanced issue) ザジズゼゾ; ジャジュジェジョ (西日本) (Nara) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo] (mid-Heian?) • [za] [ʒi] [zu] [ʒe] [zo]; [ʒa] [ʒu] [ʒo] (late 17 c) (affrication) • [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ʤe] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo] (mid-19 c) (ap-to-a) • [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo] (Modern) • [za] [ʤi] [ʣu] [ze] [zo]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]

3. The consonants of チ・ツ・ヂ・ヅ・ジ・ズ タチツテト; チャチュチェチョ (Nara) • [ta] [tji] [tu] [te] [to] (mid-Heian) • [ta] [tji] [tu] [te] [to]; [tja] [tju] [tjo] (early 16c) (affrication) • [ta] [ʧi] [ʦu] [te] [to]; [ʧa] [ʧu] [ʧo] (modern) • [ta] [ʧi] [ʦu] [te] [to]; [ʧa] [ʧu] [ʧe] [ʧo]

(advanced issue) a single affricate or a stop-fricative sequence? • pets [pɛts] /pɛts/ • 松 [maʦu] /matu/ [matsu] (i) /t/ is realized as [ʦ] when followed by /u/ (ii) When /t/ is followed by /u/, [s] is inserted between their realizations.

(advanced issue) Phonetics [ta] [ʧi] [ʦu] [te] [to]; [ʧa] [ʧu] [ʧe] [ʧo] Phonology /ta/ /ti/ /tu/ /te/ /to/; /tja/ /tju/ /tje/ /tjo/

ダヂヅデド; ヂャヂュヂェヂョ (Nara) • [da] [dji] [du] [de] [do] (mid-Heian?) • [da] [dji] [du] [de] [do]; [dja] [dju] [djo] (early 16c) (affrication) • [da] [ʤi] [ʣu] [de] [do]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤo] (modern) • [da] [ʤi] [ʣu] [de] [do]; [ʤa] [ʤu] [ʤe] [ʤo]

[ʤi], [ʣu], etc., which resulted from “affrication”, are similar to [ʒi], [zu], etc. in their acoustic qualities. • As a result, ジ・ヂ・ズ・ヅ (四つ仮名) began to be confounded. (山口: 132) • ジ・ヂ are most commonly pronounced as [ʤi]; ズ・ヅ [ʣu] • [ʒi] and [zu] may occur in fast speech, though.

4. The consonants of the ハ行 syllables • ([p] >) [ɸ] > [h] (Nara) • [ɸa] [ɸji] [ɸu] [ɸe] [ɸo] (16-17c) • [ha] [çi] [ɸu] [he] [ho] • (/ha/ /hi/ /hu/ /he/ /ho/)

If a language has [b], [t], [d], [k], and [g], it is likely to have [p] as well. • 母 (はは) • ひかり vs. ピカリ (何かがピカリと光った) • はた vs. パタパタ (旗がパタパタとはためいている)

パタパタ, ピカピカ, ピラピラ, … (mid-Edo) • パン, ペンキ; ピン (一), …

(10-11c) • [ɸ]: word-initial • 春はる, 昼ひる, 降るふる, 経るへる, 掘るほる　 • [w]: word-medial (ハ行転呼はぎょうてんこ) • 川かは, 貝かひ, 買ふかふ, 帰りかへり, 顔かほ • 粟あは ‘grains of millet’ vs. 泡あわ ‘bubble’; 濡れ手でアワ (ぬれてであわ) (16-17c) • word-initial [ɸ] becomes {[h], [ç], [ɸ]}

[papa] > [ɸaɸa] > [ɸawa] > [hawa] (> [haha])

5. ワ・ヰ・_・ヱ・ヲ / 6. ヤ・ _・ユ・江・ヨ (Nara) • [wa] [wji] [u] [we] [wo] • [ja] [i] [ju] [je] [jo] (Modern) • [wa] [i] [u] [e] [o] • [ja] [i] [ju] [e] [jo] • ゐのしし (猪) ‘bore’, いのち (命) ‘life’ • ゑ (絵) ‘picture’, 江 (枝) ‘branch’, え (榎) ‘hackberry (tree)’ • をとこ (男) ‘man’, おと (音) ‘sound’

[i] & [wji]; [e], [we] & [je] (9-10c) • [e] & [je] are integrated into [je] (13c) • [i] and [wji] are integrated into [i] • [je] and [we] are integrated into [je] (first word-medial, then word-initial) (mid-18c) • [je] > [e]

[o] & [wo] (early 11th century) • [wo] and [o] are integrated into [wo] (?) (mid-18th century) • [wo] > [o]

ゐのしし ‘bore’ • いのち ‘life’ • ゑ ‘picture’ • 江 ‘branch’ • え ‘hackberry’ • をとこ ‘man’ • おと ‘sound’

7. 拗音 (ようおん) • 拗音 (開拗音; ヤ行拗音) becomes part of the Japanese phonetic system in the mid-Heian period. • 「行かなければ」>「行かなきゃ」 • (「いらしてある?」>)「いらっしゃる」

合拗音 (ワ行拗音) • 関 [kwaɴ], 願 [gwaɴ] • 合拗音’s (labialized consonants) are present in the カ・ガ行 only. • イ段・エ段・オ段ワ行拗音’s were marginally used until the 13th century. • ア段ワ行拗音’s were lost in the 18th century (in Edo). • くわ & ぐわ are part of the classical orthographic convention; other 合拗音’s are not.

8. 撥音 (The syllable final nasal) (13-16c) • 山サン [san] > [saɴ] • 三サン [sam] > [saɴ] • 散サン [saŋ] > [saɴ] • 唐トウ, 明メイ • [toŋ] > [tou] > [to:] • [meŋ] > [mei] > [me:]

9. 促音 (Consonant gemination) (late-Heian) • 達成(cf. 達人) • 学校 (cf. 学士) [tatusei] > [tas:ei] [gakukau] > [gak:au]

10. 長音 (Long vowel) Mono-syllabic words • 蚊: か vs. かあ　“加安”

Changes from vowel sequences to single long vowels (連母音の長音化) • アラ+イソ = アリソ (荒磯) • ナガ+アメ = ナガメ (長雨) • カイ (櫂) ‘oar’

(歴史/現代) ウ段 (mid-Muromachi) • uu (u’u) > u: • 食ふ/食ウ([kuɸu] >) [kuu] > [ku:] cf. 里親 [satooya] ([sato’oya] ) vs. 砂糖屋 [sato:ya] • iu > ju: ; Ciu > Cju: • 言ふ/言ウ[iu] > [ju:] /iu/ > /ju:/ • 流 [riu] > [rju:] /riu/ > /rju:/

オ段 (mid-Muromachi) • au > ɔ: • 孝行 ‘considerate action’ [kaukau] > [kɔ:kɔ:] • 書かふ/書コウ([kakaɸu] >) [kakau] > [kakɔ:] • ou > o: • 奉公 ‘service’ [houkou] > [ho:ko:] • 思ふ/思ウ([omoɸu] >) [omou] > [omo:] • eu > jo: Ceu > Cjo: • 要 [eu] > [jo:] /eu/ > /jo/ • 今日 [keu] > [kjo:] /keu/ > /kjo:/ ɔ: = ‘開音’, o: = ‘合音’; the 開合 distinction was lost by the end of the Muromachi period.

エ段 (Edo) • ei > e: • 芸 [gei] > [ge:] • ai > e: • 高い [takai] > [take:] • ae > e: • 帰る[kaeru] > [ke:ru] • oi > e: • 太い[ɸutoi] > [ɸute:] • ie > e: • 教える[oʃieru] > [ose:ru]

ア段・イ段 • ui > i: • 暑い [aʦui] > [aʧi:] • 岡さん [okasaɴ] vs. お母さん [oka:saɴ] • 鬼さん [onjisaɴ] vs. お兄さん [onji:saɴ] ばあさま, かかあ,マー坊, … じいさん, おひいさま, キー坊,

音便 (おんびん) ‘euphony’ • Semi-systematic (grammatically conditioned) sound changes that occurred in the Heian (~ Chusei) period • イ音便 • ウ音便 • 撥音便 • 促音便

動詞の音便 (どうしのおんびん) イ音便 (カ・ガ・サ四+テ・タリ) • 咲きて > 咲いて ‘to bloom’ • sak-i-te > sa-i-te • 注ぎて > 注いで ‘to pour’ • sosog-i-te > soso-i-de • (指して > 指いで ‘to point’) • (sas-i-te > sas-i-te) • cf. つきたち (月立) > ついたち (一日)

ウ音便 (ハ・マ・バ四+テ・タリ) • (思ひて > 思うて) • omoΦ-i-te > omou-te • (飛びて > 飛うで) • tob-i-te > tou-de • (飲みて > 飲うで) • nom-i-te > nou-de

促音便 (タ・ハ・ラ四/ラ変+テ・タリ) • 立ちて > 立って • tat-i-te > tat:e • 思ひて > 思って • omoΦ-i-te > omot:e • 取りて > 取って • toɾ-i-te > tot:e • 在り > 在って • aɾ-i-te > at:e

撥音便 (マ・バ四/ナ変+テ・タリ) • 読みて > 読んで • yom-i-te > yon-de • 呼びて > 呼んで • yom-i-te > yon-de • 死にて > 死んで • sin-i-te > sin-de

形容詞の音便 (けいようしのおんびん) ウ音便 (形容詞連用形) • (白く > 白う) • siro-ku > siro-u イ音便 (形容詞連体形) • 白き > 白い • siro-ki > siro-i

三 (さん) • 達成 (たっせい) • 平安 (へいあん) • ハ行転呼 • アラ+イソ = アリソ (荒磯) • ナガ+アメ = ナガメ (長雨) • カイ (櫂) ‘oar’

JPN494/598: History of the Japanese Language