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Chapter 5

Chapter 5. Therapeutic Response to Stressed and Anxious Clients. Stress. A nonspecific response to a stressor Bad versus positive influence, result Intensity and duration Cumulative effect. Stressors and Stress. Stressors Internal perceptions or external events

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Chapter 5

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  1. Chapter 5 Therapeutic Response to Stressed and Anxious Clients

  2. Stress • A nonspecific response to a stressor • Bad versus positive influence, result • Intensity and duration • Cumulative effect

  3. Stressors and Stress • Stressors • Internal perceptions or external events • Causes autonomic nervous system to respond • Differences among men, women, children; responses to stress, stressors

  4. Stress Theories: Bernard • Internal milieu in constant change • If too much change, death may result • Vulnerable person becomes ill • Aging-process client more susceptible to stress symptoms

  5. Stress Theories: Cannon • Body adjusts when change threatens • Seeks balance, homeostasis • Excitatory substances help body adapt, help with survival

  6. Stress Theories: Hans Selye • General Adaptation Syndromes (GAS) • Person inherits adaptive response • Individual responses vary • Once inherited adaptive responses deplete, body unable to produce more • Serious illness or death results

  7. Hans Selye’s Four Stages

  8. Therapeutic Response • Be honest with clients • Offer educational materials • Encourage emotional support • Be a teacher of medical information • Refer to community resources

  9. Types of Anxiety: Mild • Increases perceptions • Helps body to • Think more clearly, more alert • Make wise decisions, judgments • Professional offers details, instructions, choices

  10. Types of Anxiety: Moderate • Decreased perception • Focused on one challenge at a time • Decisions, judgments made when faced • Still alert, able to think clearly • Physiological changes • Professionals focus on one detail, explain what is happening, speak calmly

  11. Types of Anxiety: Severe • Inability to focus, indecisive • Inability to concentrate, make decisions • Physiological changes • Behavioral manifestations • Professionals give instructions to family, follow up

  12. Types of Anxiety: Panic • Focused on escape • Ineffective communication, incoherent speech • Physiological, behavioral changes • Professionals wait until client is safe to leave

  13. Life Cycle Stress: Infants • Totally dependent on others • Focused on eating, sleeping • Sleep becomes coping mechanism • Therapeutic response: • Educate how to meet infant physical needs • Seek community referrals

  14. Life Cycle Stress: Toddlers • Require consistency, praise • If stressed as infant exhibits now • Therapeutic response • Modeling for parents • Talk at toddler level • Be honest about procedures, pain

  15. Life Cycle Stress: School Age • Stressful transition home to school • May regress to earlier behaviors • Therapeutic response • Prepare child well in advance • Don’t compare siblings, other children • Speak at their level • Be honest

  16. Life Cycle Stress: Adolescents • Period of change; child yet adult • Social demands, peer pressure • Therapeutic response • Provide for modesty • Address how procedure affects activity or appearance

  17. Life Cycle Stress: Adults • Variety of stressors • Empty nest/sandwich syndromes • Therapeutic response • Encourage friends, colleagues to share • Answer questions, educational materials • Encourage to talk about feelings

  18. Life Cycle Stress: Elderly • Retirement, illness, death, loss versus gain • Therapeutic response • Use full name, title • Encourage to talk about accomplishments • Foster self-esteem, dignity, sense of worth

  19. Ways to Reduce Stress • How can or do clients reduce stress? • How do people differ in the ways to reduce stress? • How do professionals help clients reduce their stress?

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