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Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari

Carbon-negative Biofuels (Biodiesel and Bioethanol) From Non-Food Based Sources and Waste Biomass. Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari. INTRODUCTION.

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Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari

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  1. Carbon-negative Biofuels (Biodiesel and Bioethanol) From Non-Food Based Sources and Waste Biomass Mohamed Shahrir Mohamed Zahari

  2. INTRODUCTION • Depletion of fossil fuels diverted the global attention toward biofuels for recognizable potential in providing energy security & reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. • Biofuels sustainability is still debateable depending on the different production methodologies, biomass sources, land-use and land-use changes, fuel-blends and end-use applications.

  3. SIGNIFICANCE PROBLEM STATEMENT • There are contradicting facts regarding biodiesel & bioethanol involving: • Higher GHG emission saving and energy balance of biofuels can be achieve through: • The issues of land-use change requiring fertile lands for producing the biofuels raw feedstocks, associated toward air quality degradation along with the conflicting interests or demands toward food-based, fodder and biofuels crops. • Efficient biofuels conversion from ecologically sustainable biomass or non-food biomass • Commonly used reactants for transesterification of vegetables oils into biodiesel are methanol (MeOH) which is a product from fossil fuel due to its low cost. • Using renewable reactants such as Ethanol (EtOH) which could be produced from waste biomass

  4. Inedible vegetable oil (separate between agro- energy & agro-food business) • Produce 1590 kg/ha (still less than palm oil but the highest in term of inedible oil) • Minimum plantation management, early maturation in about 3 years and all year round harvesting period

  5. 1st: Single Stage Biodiesel Production Step Ultrasonic Reactive Extraction Simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Jatropha oil directly from the oil bearing seed into biodiesel Jatropha Seed Seed Cake Biodiesel + Glycerol

  6. 2nd: Jatropha Seed Cake Being Produced as Co-Product Ultrasonic Reactive Extraction Simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Jatropha oil directly from the oil bearing seed into biodiesel Jatropha Seed Seed Cake Biodiesel + Glycerol Optimization of biodiesel parameters under the influence of ultrasonic (cavitation) using Response Surface Methodology

  7. 3rd: Biomass Pre-treatment of Jatropha Seed Cake Ultrasonic Reactive Extraction Simultaneous extraction and transesterification of Jatropha oil directly from the oil bearing seed into biodiesel Jatropha Seed Seed Cake Synergistic physical (cavitation), chemical (NaOH + Methanol) and thermal (near boiling point) pre-treatment toward Jatropha seed biomass compositions Biodiesel + Glycerol Optimization of biodiesel parameters under the influence of ultrasonic (cavitation) using Response Surface Methodology

  8. RESULTS 8 hr 4 hr • Ultrasonic process completed the oil extraction in a short time of 5 minutes with the presence of FAMEs already detectable by 1H-NMR & HPLC. • Visibly, physically and chemically proved seed biomass composition degradation caused by the ultrasonic reactive extraction process as measured using proximate, ultimate & elemental analysis, NREL carbohydrate analysis, XRD, TGA and CHNS analyzer. • Optimization of biodiesel yield and seed pre-treatment obtained using Fractional Factorial Design screening and Central Composite Design (CCD) optimization 1 hr 10 Min

  9. CONCLUSION • Biodiesel could be produce directly from Jatropha oil-bearing seed in less processing stages using reactive extraction process & the addition of ultrasonication (cavitation) speed up the reaction process further whilst maximizing the oil extraction and biodiesel yield. • Positively the mild alkaline condition (due to NaOH catalyst) and methanol as detoxification agent along with thermal (operated at near-boiling point) and physical effect (ultrasonication/cavitation)synergically able to alter the seed biomass composition, making it suitable for further usage either as fodder or bioethanol/biogas feedstock. • Consequencely, the newly revised Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) for European Union which came into force on 1 January 2017 that increase the target of carbon saving to 60% enable the this process which turn the seed cake from “waste” to “co-product” being accounted as part of the carbon saving initiative.

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