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LAND CLEARING ON OIL PALM PLANTATION Sudirman Yahya Hariyadi

LAND CLEARING ON OIL PALM PLANTATION Sudirman Yahya Hariyadi. LAND CLEARING. MINERAL SOIL (ULTISOL) , SWAMP Y AREA PEAT SOIL. ULTISOL (MINERAL soil ) LAND CLEARING. VEGETA TION , TOPOGRAPHY, MET H OD. Depending on :. VEGE TATION : PRIM A RY FOREST :

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LAND CLEARING ON OIL PALM PLANTATION Sudirman Yahya Hariyadi

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  1. LAND CLEARING ON OIL PALM PLANTATIONSudirman YahyaHariyadi

  2. LAND CLEARING • MINERAL SOIL (ULTISOL), • SWAMPY AREA • PEAT SOIL

  3. ULTISOL (MINERAL soil) LAND CLEARING • VEGETATION, • TOPOGRAPHY, • METHOD Depending on :

  4. VEGETATION : • PRIMARY FOREST : virgin environment, tree stem diameter > 1 m, high plant density • SECONDARY FOREST : previously managed/cultivated/logged, smaller tree diameter < 50 cm., middle plant density • BUSHES: after shifting cultivation, small tress diameter < 20 cm, low plant density • Wild grasses, Imperata sp : after shifting cultivation, Wild grasses • CONVERTION AREA : from other agricultural activities, such as plantation (coconut, rubberetc) or upland food crops

  5. BUSHES IMPERATA FOREST CONVERTION Slashing / spraying slashing slashing Cutting Cutting Hump digging Plowing Chopping harrowing Piling Piling / stacking Cleaning

  6. “slashing” : Cutting the trees/small bushes, diam. < 10 cm Felling : Cutting the trees with chainsaw or axe for stem diam. > 10 cm Cutting height above soil surface Ø < 10 - 20 cm at 40 cm high Ø 21 – 30 cm at 60 cm high Ø 31 – 75 cm at 100 cm high Ø > 75 cm at 150 cm high Chopping : Cutting the fallen trunk and chopping the stem, branches and twigs. Piling : To pile/ to collect the cut branches and twigs. Direction of piling, north – south, 50 – 100 m apart.

  7. TOPOGRAPHY 0 – 3 % : Flat 16 – 25 % : rolling 4 – 8 % : slightly undulating 26 – 45 % : steep 9 – 15 % : undulating >> 45 % : very steep Risk ? << 15 % : using heavy duty (BULLDOZER) >> 15 % : CHAINSAW • soil compaction • Top soil losses

  8. LAND CLEARING METHOD • Manual • Mechanical • Chemical ZERO BURNING • Forest Area • Bushes Manual Mechanical • Imperata Area Mechanical Chemical

  9. LAND CLEARING Manual • diameter of tree or stem < 10 cm , cut with short sword or axe; >10 cm  cut with chain-saw Mechanical Zero Burning Method: stacking-piling and pulling out and pushing the trunk mechanically, using heavy equipments (bulldozer and excavator). The weakness of using heavy equipment: Top soil is pealed due to the work of pushing on piling the stems ; and soil compaction.

  10. CHEMICALS Use of herbicide: * systemic (Glyphosate group); herbicide is absorbed and translocated to target part (roots) * contact (Paraquat group); not translocated Check the weather before and after spraying; the weather affects the effectiveness of herbicide application Must be on right kinds, right concentration, right dosage, right time and right procedure or method of application.

  11. Time of land clearing works Dry season • fire burning easily, • limiting of time, need accurate planning Avoiding of smoking and careless disposing of cigarette butts Rainy season • Lower work productivity • Difficult on operating heavy equipment

  12. LAND CLEARING PLANTING PLAN • planting LCC (Legume Cover Crop) CM (Calopogonium mucunoides) CP (Centrosema pubescent) PJ (Pueraria javanica)- contour terraces (slope > 15 %) Too Long/late Bush/Imperata grasses • Risks :Level of erosion increaseSoil compaction • Surface run-off increase

  13. LAND CLEARING ON SWAMPY AREA • Need Attention on: • Depth of the swamp • Vegetation No Drainage NO LAND CLEARING / NO PLANTING Drainage waterway • RISKS : • Waterlogged palms • Rotten fruits • Stunted growth Land drained out, quickly drained

  14. THE STEPS ON LAND CLEARING OF SWAMPY AREA 1. Road Construction 2. Forest Cutting and Felling 3. Drainage Waterway (dw) Construction

  15. LAND CLEARING AT PEAT SOIL (HISTOSOL) Depth of peat Maturity of peat Characteristics of peat Important consideration

  16. PEAT SOIL Meaning Histosol : SOIL which a majority composed by organic material, C – organic > 25% or has a layer of organic material > 40 cm

  17. KIND OF PEAT SOIL Topogen : influenced by topography Ombrogen influenced by rain intensity, flood or waterlogged

  18. LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL Shallow : < 1 m Medium : 1 – 3 m Deep : 3 – 8 m Very deep peat : > 8 m Classification according to the DEPTH of peat • MATURITY of peat: • Fibric : immature, coarse fibre, visuallly original matter • Hemic : half mature, start to decompose • Sapric : Mature, has been decomposted

  19. Characteristic of peat Physical character SoilColor is dark brown, depend on maturity level High of water content and water holding capacity (15 – 30 x dry weight) High of soilporousity Low of bulk density Bad drainage, Easydrying Irreversible shrinkage Hydrophobic and subsidence

  20. Characteristic of peat Chemical character Acid (pH < 3.5) Low fertility High N- total, but not available for plant, High C/N ratio High onMg , Low P and K Low micronutrient especially Cu, B, Zn High water buffering capacity

  21. STEPS OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL Build boundary channelsurrounding area Forest clearing Build Drainage Constructing roads and bridges Compacting of the soil along planting rows

  22. STEP OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL BUILD A BOUNDARY CHANNEL - As a boundary channel for the area which will be reclaimed - build 1 year before cutting the tree - Size :upper width 4 m, under width 3 m, depth 2 – 3 m - function : as main channel and ground water table regulator

  23. STEPS OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL 2. Forest clearing - cutting and slashing the small trees and bushes ⊖ < 2.5 cm) - cutting with chainsaw - high of cutting from soil surface ⊖ < 15 cm : 15 cm ⊖ < 15 – 30 cm : 30 cm ⊖ < 30 – 75 cm : 60 cm ⊖ < 75 – 150 cm : 90 cm ⊖ >150 cm : 150 cm - stacking - Chopping and piling of branchs and twigs

  24. STEP OF LAND CLEARING ON PEAT SOIL 3. Build a drainage On peat soil, Water management system is very important to manage water table height

  25. PRIMARY DRAIN • Function: to flow the water directly to final drain area (river or channel) • Build over flow and water gate on flooding area SECONDARY DRAIN • To flow to primary drain • Function: to catch the water from tertiary drains • As a block boundary • Distance between two adjacent secondary drains 400 – 500 m apart

  26. TERTIARY CHANNEL • To flow water to secondary drain • Function: to catch the water from palm area • The distance between two of tertiary drains depend on drainage condition of the field, minimum one drain for every 2 palm rows, similar to the path at the upland palm.

  27. 4. CONSTRUCTING THE ROAD • Road foundation taken from diggings of soil (mineral), soil is compacted with excavator • Compaction of the road using wood in diameter 7 – 10 cm, and then piled up with mineral soil as thick as 20 – 30 cm • Alternative: build a mini rail train for fruit transport If constructing road is impossible, inputs and fruits are transported trough water ways by boat

  28. 5. COMPACTION OF PLANTING ROWS • Required for strong root anchorage, to prevent leaning growth of the palm • Compacting mechanically

  29. LAND PREPARATION • BLOCKING • STAKING AND PLANTING SPACE • DIGGING PLANTING HOLE • ESTABLISHING COVER CROP (LCC)

  30. BLOCK • Block is an unit area of palm that supervised by a supervisor • Area of 25 – 30 ha • Each block is bordered by block roads. • Block numbering generally starts from East to West

  31. STAKING Objectives : - determine planting spots, straight planting rows - determine planting density or number of palm/ha - determine palm productivity Planting space : 9.2 m x 9.2 m x 9.2 m 136 palms/ha (equal-side triangular)  field terminology : five eyes

  32. DIGGING PLANTING HOLE Size 60 cm x 60 cm x 60 cm or 60 cm x 60 cm x 40 cm means : size at the base 60 cm x 60 cm or 40 cm x 40 cm size at the surface 60 cm x 60 cm Depth 60 cm Using pattern made from bamboo or wood lath Digging procedure : Upper part of the soil (top soil) is separated from the lower part (subsoil), example; top soil is placed at the left side, and sub soil at the right side of the hole.

  33. LCC ESTABLISHMENT Benefits of LCC • Improve soil structure, loose • Increase organic matter and soil nutrient, mainly N • Prevent erosion • Supress the growth of weeds, especially alang-alang grass, Imperata cylindrica • Reduce the infestation of certain pathogenic fungi The Species of LCC CM : Calopogonium mucunoides CC : Calopogonium cerelium CP : Centrocema pubescent PJ : Pueraria javanica Dosage of LCC : 12 – 20 kg / ha CM/CC : CP : PJ = 2 : 1 : 2 or 2 : 3 : 2

  34. MANUAL SYSTEM (md / ha) WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR LAND CLEARING OF FOREST Mechanical System

  35. WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR LAND CLEARING OF BUSHES MANUAL SYSTEM (md / ha) Mechanical System

  36. WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR LAND CLEARING OF Imperata cylindrica (wild grass)

  37. WORKER REQUIREMENT FOR WIPING OF Imperata cylindrica (wild grass)

  38. LAND PREPARATION

  39. BLOCK DESIGN MAIN ROAD PRODUCTION ROAD PRODUCTION ROAD 1000 M 300 M COLLECTION ROAD 1000 M 300 M COLLECTION ROAD

  40. BLOCK DESIGN ON SWAMP AREA MAIN DRAIN (MAIN CHANNEL) SECONDARY DRAIN SECONDARY DRAIN 1000 M 300 M SECONDARY DRAIN 1000 M Tertiery Drain 300 M SECONDARY DRAIN

  41. OUTLET OF DRAIN PERFORMANCE ѵ X

  42. LAND PREPARATION

  43. Individual TERRACE BEFORE A 2 m 2 m D B C E AFTER 2 m 2 m D B 10 – 15o E

  44. Individual TERRACE D 0.3 m B E ditch 1 – 1.5 m 2.5 - 3 m D B E Planting Hole

  45. PLANTING HOLE 60 CM 60 CM 60 CM 60 CM 60 CM 60 CM 60 CM 40 CM 60 CM 40 CM 60 CM X 60 CM X 60 CM 60 CM X 60 CM X 40 CM

  46. PLANTING HOLE Top soil Sub soil TOP SOIL SUB SOIL seedling 60 CM X 60 CM X 60 CM Top soil Sub soil 60 CM X 60 CM X 60 CM

  47. North STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE9.2 M X 9.2 M X 9.2 M (TRIANGLE) 9.2 M 9.2 M 9.2 M 9.2 M 7.96 M 7.96 M HOW TO DESIGN IT?

  48. STAKING OF PLANTING SPACE9.2 M X 9.2 M X 9.2 M (TRIANGLE) 9.2 M 9.2 M 9.2 M ? 9.2 M 4.6 M PHYTAGORAS THEOREME : c2 = a2 + b2 b2 = c2 – a2 = (9.2)2 – (4.6)2 = 84.64 – 21.16 = 63.48 b = Ѵ63.48 = 7.96 c b a

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