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Energy Alternatives CDAE-06 Renewable Intro Gary Flomenhoft http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE06/

Energy Alternatives CDAE-06 Renewable Intro Gary Flomenhoft http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE06/. WORLD ENERGY. Fossil Fuel: 75.9% Nuclear: 5.7% Renewable: 18.4%. Net Energy. DIRECT-GAIN. Large south facing windows that let in the sunlight.

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Energy Alternatives CDAE-06 Renewable Intro Gary Flomenhoft http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE06/

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  1. Energy Alternatives CDAE-06 Renewable Intro Gary Flomenhoft http://www.uvm.edu/~gflomenh/CDAE06/

  2. WORLD ENERGY Fossil Fuel: 75.9% Nuclear: 5.7% Renewable: 18.4%

  3. Net Energy

  4. DIRECT-GAIN • Large south facing windows that let in the sunlight. • Thermal mass is used to absorb the radiation. • At night the absorbed heat is radiated back into the living space.

  5. Collectors-Flat Plate

  6. Collectors-Evacuated tube

  7. Installation

  8. Solar-thermal power plants-tower

  9. MEADI BOILER

  10. Solar trough-Barstow

  11. Photoelectric Effect A picture of an typical silicon PV cell Now a short video: http://www.eere.energy.gov/solar/multimedia.html

  12. CZOCHRALSKI PROCESS • This is the process of creating an ingot. • A small single silicon rod (seed) is placed in an inert gas at high temps. • When the seed is rotated up and out silicon adheres to it to form an ingot.

  13. CELLS -> MODULES • Wafers 5 inches square and .012 inches thick are sliced from the ingot. • They are then processed into cells and soldered together to achieve the desired voltage. • Cells arrayed in series are called modules.

  14. MANUFACTURERS • Sharp Electronics Corporation • Sanyo • bp Solar • Shell • Sunwise • Uni-Solar • AstroPower

  15. POLYCRYSTALLINE SOLAR PANELS “Energy of the Future”

  16. Thin Film History • Developed in 1980 • Applied to calculators, watches and other portable low-watt appliances • Expanded to larger appliances as efficiency rate increased

  17. Cost by Brand • Unisolar 21 watt= $153.00 • Shell 20 watt= $198.00 • Isofoton 165 watt= $650.00 -research shows that on average thin cell costs $5 per watt

  18. CDAE 170 Solar Building Strategies PV system design Dec. 1, 2003 Gary Flomenhoft BSME, MAPP, CEE Research Associate Gund Institute, SNR

  19. Biomass: In Vermont VT Energy Consumption Sources • Nuclear 36% • System 14% • Hydro Quebec 35% • Oil 2% • Gas 1% • Other Renewable 5% • Small Hydro 7% Since 1984, Vermont has met all increase in energy demands(a total of 125 Mw) by renewable in-state sources: -40 Mw Small Hydro -73 Mw McNeil/Rygate (Biomass Plants) -6 Mw Searsburg Wind Farm EPA Landfill Incentive Program http://www.epa.gov/lmop/

  20. Kinds of Biomass-traditional • Trees- Wood has been used as a source of energy throughout human history and today the most commonly used form or biomass. Today there are still many people in third world countries using it to provide heat and energy. There are also ‘purpose grown’ tree farms which are specifically grown to produce wood for energy in larger developed countries.

  21. More traditional Biomass types • Straw is used similarly too wood, it is burned and used to make heat and energy • Animal Dung- Poop is often used as a source of heat and energy

  22. More non-traditional Biomass • Landfill gas- The gas emitted from landfills is very rich in methane, it is collected and used to generate power in small scale power plants.

  23. Gasohol • Ethanol Alcohol generated by fermenting sugar cane or corn is combined with gas and used to power cars…mmm…tasty gasohol.

  24. Biodiesel Biodiesel is made from: • vegetable oil • alcohol (20-30%) • sodium/potassium hydroxide (2-3%)

  25. Total: 6740MW in 2004

  26. Installed wind energy generating capacity now totals 6,374 MW, and is expected to generate about 16.7 billion kWh of electricity in 2004. However, that is still less than 1% of U.S. electricity generation. By contrast, the total amount of electricity that could potentially be generated from wind in the United States has been estimated at 10,777 billion kWh annually—three times the electricity generated in the U.S. today.

  27. Pros of the Project •Replaces 113 million tons of oil per year • “Zero-emissions” •Boost to Cape Cod’s economy -600-1,000 new jobs for Cape Codders •Does not require land •May help with navigation and rescue

  28. The Alliance’s Simulation from Cotuit

  29. HYDRO • 1/10 of electricity, US. • 20% World electricity

  30. Large Hydro-systems • Defined as greater than 30 megawatts by Department of Energy • Hoover dam- (1300 MW) • Grand Coulee (6480 MW • Largest: • Venezuela (10 GW) • Itaipu-Brazil (12.6 GW • China- 18.6 GW (2009)

  31. Three Gorges Dam • Over one mile long • 575 feet tall. • 25-75 billion dollars. • 20 years of construction   • 18,600 MW • Completion in 2009

  32. Small Hydro-systems • DOE 100kw – 30mw • Industries, towns • Thailand (9mw) • Winooski (5MW) • Essex (7MW)

  33. Micro-hydro system • DOE 0-100 kw • Farm, home, village • Increasing in #’s Today

  34. Impoundment Type or “Run-of-the-River w/o impoundment

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