This PowerPoint presentation is owned by the students who created it and is posted here for example purposes only. - GC

1. This PowerPoint presentation is owned by the students who created it and is posted here for example purposes only. • -GC team

2. Fishing Industry’seffects onCoral Reefs Global Change 1 Term Project Kristin Thomas, Riley O’Hara, Sarah Barjum

3. Coral Reefs • One of most diverse eco-systems on earth, home to over one million species • Hundreds of years to grow into complex ecosystems like the ones we have today • Human interaction with coral reefs is causing them to be destroyed at such a high rate that already 10% of coral reef habitat has been destroyed • Within the next 20 – 40 years up to 60%  will be destroyed even further

4. Fishing Industries • Fishing remains as one of the top threats to coral reefs • The majority of the demands for Reef fish are through the aquarium and food industries • In 1998, the whole sale value for the fish food market was approximately 830 million dollars • The fishing industry is placing large amounts of pressure on the survival of coral reefs and their entire ecosystem.

5. Research Question How much damage do fishing industries do to coral reefs and what are the implications of this damage?

6. Hypothesis Fishing is doing heavy damage to coral reefs. This damage will negatively affect the fishing industry as well as the food chain of the ecosystem in general.

7. Method Compiled studies on ways coral reefs are destroyed and how this destruction effects the ecosystem its self and human populations that depend on this ecosystem Using researched information, we constructed a model representing fishing's effect on coral reef’s destruction rate.

8. Results • Destructive fishing • Blast fishing • cyanide fishing • Effects • biodiversity • economy • Protective measures • MPA • Conservancy organizations

9. Blast Fishing • This involves the use of a bomb set to explode under water in a coral reef ecosystem • When the bomb detonates, it kills or stuns the majority of fish within its radius and the dead or stunned fish float to the surface, were they can be easily caught • commonly used in over 30 countries and has caused major damage and loss of Coral Reef Ecosystems, including over 50% of reefs in Southeast Asia • Shatters the reef structure • It takes an estimated 100 – 106 years of recovery

11. Cyanide Fishing • Poisoning fish till they become stunned and therefore easy to catch • Crushing sodium cyanide, mixing the substance with salt water and storing it in bottles where it can later be brought underwater to reefs and squired into reef fish’s habitat • Commonly used for capturing fish for the aquarium industry • Sodium Cyanide is poison to coral polyps, resulting in coral bleaching • Threat to surrounding marine life.

12. Biodiversity Effects • 20% less coral in reefs not protected versus protected. • Six times as many sea urchins in unprotected reefs. • Population densities of 27 out of 134 species sampled significantly lower in unprotected reefs. • Damselfish and wrasse more abundant in unprotected reefs.

13. Economic Effects • Coral reefs secure the livelihood of over one million fishermen. • Fishing from reefs contributes up to 70% of total fish harvest. • Estimated loss in fish catches from damaged reef versus healthy about US $192,000 over ten years. • Over ten years healthy reef can yield 200 tons of fish, damaged only 72 tons. • Reef could potentially bring in US$20,000-$55,000 from local fish consumption and exporting live fish • Apo spent US$75,000 to protect reef bringing in US$31,900-$113,000 from both fishing and tourism.

14. Models

15. Model Results • RILEY CAN U PUT IN HERE THE GRAPHS THAT WE FOUND AND I WILL EXPLAIN THEM

16. What can be done? • MPAs • Promotion of responsible fishery management and habitat protection • Over 400 in 65 countries • Conservation Programs • The Coral Reef Conservation Program (CRCP) • The National Ocean Services (NOS) • Office of Response and Restoration (ORR): works with oil spills and makes environmental sensitivity index maps for coral ecosystem. • Researching coral reefs’ diseases and other health issues, supporting grants for on-the-ground coral reef conservation activities, protection from ship pollution

17. Conclusion • Many methods of destructive fishing on reefs. • Destructive fishing damages coral, lowers biodiversity. • Destruction of reefs fishermen rely on has negative economic implications. • Protective agencies implemented to combat reef destruction • Hypothesis was correct

18. Remember…SAVE THE CORALS

19. Work Cited • Eco-Reefs. “Blast Fishing and Coral Reef Damage”. 2004. http://www.ecoreefs.com/damage.php (2 December 2006) • World Wild Life. “Corals”. 2006. <http://worldwildlife.org/coral/> (2 December 2006) • Peter Denton. “Coral Reef Destruction Threatens Caribbean Countries”. 2004. <http://newsroom.wri.org/wrifeatures_text.cfm?ContentID=3117> (2 December 2006). • NOAA’s National Ocean Service. “Marine Protected Areas.” 2006. http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/ (30 November 2006). • World Reasources Institute. “Reefs and Marine Protected Areas.” 2006. http://www.nature.org/(2 December 2006). • Alan T. White, Helge P. Vogt, and Tijen Arin. 2000. Philippine Coral Reefs Under Threat: the Economic Losses Cause by Reef Destruction. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 40: 598-605. • T. R. McClanahan, N. A. Muthiga, A. T. Kamukuru, H. Machano, and R. W. Kiambo. 1998. The effects of marine parks and fishing on coral reefs of northern Tanzania. Biological Conservation. 89: 161-182. • Lewis Stone. 1995. Proceedings: Biological Sciences, Vol. 261, No. 1362. pp. 381-388. • Roy Caldwell, Helene Fox. 2006. RECOVERY FROM BLAST FISHING ON CORAL REEFS: A TALE OF TWO SCALES. Ecological Applications: Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 1631–1635. • Karen K. W. MAK, Hideshi YANASE, and Reinhard RENNEBERG. 2005. Cyanide fishing and cyanide detection in coral reef fish using chemical tests and biosensors. Biosensors & bioelectronics. Vol. 20, No. 12, pp. 2581-2593. • P. Christie, A. White , and E. Deguit. 2002. Starting point or solution? Community-based marine protected areas in the Philippines. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Vol. 66, No. 4, pp. 441-454. • H.E. Fox, P.J. Mous, J.S. Pet, A.H. Muljadi, R.L. Caldwell. 2005. Experimental assessment of coral reef rehabilitation following blast fishing.CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 98-107.

20. Work Cited Pictures Provided By: • The Coral Reef Gallery. “Sea Gallery.” 1997. http://www.divegallery.com/ (2 December 2006). • The Nature Conservancy. “Coral Reefs of the Tropics: Pictures of Coral Reefs.” 2006. http://www.nature.org/ (2 December 2006).