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Cigarette Design: How to Make to a Better Nicotine Delivery Device. Murray J. Kaiserman PRESENTED SEPTEMBER 19, 2012.
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Cigarette Design:How to Make to a Better Nicotine Delivery Device Murray J. Kaiserman PRESENTED SEPTEMBER 19, 2012
“The cigarette should be conceived not as a product but as a package. The product is nicotine. The cigarette is but one of many package layers. There is the carton, which contains the pack, which contains the cigarette, which contains the smoke. The smoker must strip off all these package layers to get to that which he seeks…Think of a cigarette pack as a storage container for a day’s supply of nicotine…Think of a cigarette as a dispenser for a dose unit of nicotine…Think of a puff of smoke as the vehicle of nicotine…” William Dunn, Jr., of the Philip Morris Research Center, “Motives and Incentives in Cigarette Smoking,” Bates No. 1003291922/1939
TO BURN OR NOT TO BURN • Cigarettes • Roll-your-owns • “Little Cigars” • Cigars • Pipes • Waterpipes • E-cigarettes • Smokeless Tobacco – chewing, spit, spitless • NRTs – gum, patch, inhaler • Candy • Water
CIGARETTE COMPONENTS • FILTER • FILTER PLUG • CELLULOSE ACETATE • CELLULOSE ACETATE/CHARCOAL • POROUS PLUG WRAP • TIPPING PAPER • TOBACCO ROD COLUMN • TOBACCO/TOBACCO DERIVED MATERIAL • COLUMN PAPER WRAPPER • FLAX • WOOD CELLULOSE • BRAND LOGO • PACKAGING • SOFT PACK/BOX • INNER FOIL LINER • OUTER CUPROPHANE/MYLAR WRAPPER • GRAPHICS
Canadian Blends BLEND CONFIGURATION FLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA (F/C) ADD-ONS EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET) STEMS WATER TREATED STEMS ( WTS) SHREDDED DRY STEMS (SDS) RECON PAPER I/II BAND CAST American Blends BLEND CONFIGURATION BURLEY/AIR CURED FLUE/FIRE CURED/VIRGINIA (F/C) ORIENTAL ADD-ONS EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET) RECLAIM/SHORTS STEMS WATER TREATED STEMS ( WTS) SHREDDED DRY STEMS (SDS) RECON PAPER I/II BAND CAST Canadian vs American Blends
Flue-Cured Characteristics • FLUE CURED/VIRGINIA/BRIGHT LEAF • GROWN IN VA, NC, SC, CANADA, BRAZIL • YELLOW-REDDISH-ORANGE IN COLOR • NICOTINE CONTENT 2.5-3 % w/w • HIGH IN REDUCING SUGARS
Reconstituted and Expanded Tobacco • RECONSTITUTED • BAND CAST • TOBACCO STOCK PULPED WITH ADDITIVES /w HEAT • POURED OUT INTO A “DOCTOR BLADE” • SPREAD ON A MOVING S/S CONVEYOR BELT • HEAT DRIED IN THREE STAGES • CUT INTO IRREGULAR PIECES • EXPANDED TOBACCO (ET) • DRY ICE (CARBON DIOXIDE) EXPANDED TOBACCO (DIET) • AMMONIUM CARBONATE EXPANDED TOBACCO (ACET) • STEMS • LAMINA
ADDITIVES – IMPROVING ON PERFECTION • PROCESSING AIDS • ADHESIVES • REINFORCING FIBERS • CASING SAUCES • BURLEY SIDE OF THE BLEND ONLY • POROUS LEAF STRUCTURE • HIGH NICOTINE LEAF • FLAVORANTS • VOLATILE COMPOUNDS (MENTHOL) • TOP DRESSING APPLIED /w EtOH FOR AROMA • COMBUSTION MODIFIERS • K/Na CITRATE
ADDITIVES – THERE IS A REASON • GLYCEROL • PEG • CHOCOLATE • LICORICE • DAP • AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE • AMMONIUM (X) • HONEY • SIMPLE SUGARS • MENTHOL/MINT/CHERRY • BURN ACCELERANT/RETARDANT • EUGENOL
WHY AMMONIA ? • BLEND NICOTINE RELEASE • ESTABLISH EQUILIBRIUM OF BLEND ALKALOIDS • NICOTINE MIGRATION/SCAVENGING • NICOTINE SALTS DE-PROTONATED TO FREE BASE • SMOKE pH MANIPULATION • FREE NICOTINE • THREE IONIC STATES DEPENDANT ON pH • TWO DISTINCT pKa • DIPROTONATED (CITRIC/MALIC) • MONO-PROTONATED • FREE BASE
ADDITIVES – MY MISTAKE • AGRICULTURAL RESIDUES • PESTICIDES • HERBICIDES • SENESCENCE AGENTS • SUCKERING AGENTS • SOIL FLORA AND SPORES • PHEROMONES • INSECTS, e.g. TOBACCO BEETLE
FROM FACTORY TO MOUTH • RE-DRY COMPLETE CUT BLEND (12-14%) • TOBACCO ROD MANUFACTURE • FILTER ROD MANUFACTURE • ASSEMBLE TWO COMPONENTS • PACKAGE (SLIDE AND SHELL, FLIP TOP, SOFT PACK, TIN) • CARTON • OVER WRAPPED/BULK PACKAGING • CONDITIONED STORAGE
MAKE THEM STOP ADDING CHEMICALS TO CIGARETTES orWHAT DO THOSE NUMBERS REALLY MEAN
Combustion New chemicals Transferred chemicals Tobacco + Oxygen + + More than 4,000 chemicals About 2,500 chemicals More than 50 carcinogens
Relationship Between These Elements Design characteristics Smoke Toxicity Smoke emissions Tobacco Ingredients Constituents
Constituents, Emissions, Toxicity Test Methods Constituents Smoke emissions Smoke toxicity 11 test methods 14 Mainstream smoke methods 14 Sidestream smoke methods 3 test methods 3 mechanisms of toxicity: mutagenicity cytotoxicity clastogenicity 41 emissions 40 emissions 27 constituents
Lab Analysis Performed • Once the sample is generated, laboratory analysis can be performed (either smoke or extract depending if doing emissions or constituents analysis) Collect on Cambridge filter pad Extraction and sample clean-up Instrumental analysis emissions constituents For constituent analysis (not burned), the compounds are extracted from the tobacco (and not smoked)
Smoke Analysis • For Smoke analysis, the first step is to generate the sample by smoking the product.