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Head and Neck Trauma Hosseini M. M.D

Head and Neck Trauma Hosseini M. M.D. Head and Neck Surgeon. Rasoul Akram Hospital Iran University. Airway. Vascular system. Nervous system. Esophagus/Hypopharynx. Bone. Signs and symptoms of penetrating neck trauma. Airway

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Head and Neck Trauma Hosseini M. M.D

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  1. Head and Neck Trauma Hosseini M. M.D Head and Neck Surgeon Rasoul Akram Hospital Iran University

  2. Airway • Vascular system • Nervous system • Esophagus/Hypopharynx • Bone

  3. Signs and symptoms of penetrating neck trauma • Airway • Respiratory distress • Stridor • Cyanosis • Hemoptysis • Hoarseness • Tracheal deviation • Subcutaneous emphysema • Sucking wound

  4. Vascular system • Hematoma • Persistent bleeding • Neurologic deficit • Absent pulse • Hypovolemic shock • Bruit • Thrill • Change of sensorium

  5. Nervous system • Hemiplegia • Quadriplegia • Coma • Cranial nerve deficit • Change of sensorium • Hoarseness

  6. Esophagus / hypopharynx • Subcutaneous emphysema • Dysphagia • Odynophagia • Hematemesis • Hemoptysis • Tachycardia • Fever

  7. Zone I : • 1-Close proximity to thorax (dangerous) • 2-Protect by bony thorax and clavicle • 3-Surgical exploration is difficult • 4-Mortality 12% • 5-Mandatory exploration is not • recommended • 6-Angiography • 7-Right side : median sternotomy • 8-Left side : left anterior thoracotomy

  8. Zone II : • 1-The most involved zone (60% - 75%) • 2-Mandetory versus selective

  9. Zone III : • 1- Protect by skeletal structures • 2- Surgical exploration is difficult (need to divide or displace the mandible) • 3-Cranial nerves injuries • 4- Angiography and barium swallow (in stable patients and no lifethreating symptoms) • 5-Frequent intraoral examination

  10. -       Temporal (frontal) Inability to raise the eyebrow -       Zygoma (malar) Inability to close the eyelids -       Buccal Inability to smile -       Marginal mandibular Inability to frown

  11. Facial nerve injuries • 1-Maxillofacial trauma • 2-Serious functional disabilities and aesthetic defects • 3-Posterior half of parotid gland has deep laceration • 4-Repaired five or main trunk (clean,sharp division)

  12. Signs of immediate Lifethreatening Injuries 1-Massive bleeding 2-Expanding hematoma 3-Nonexpanding hematoma in the presence of hemodynamic instability 4-Hemomediastinum 5-Hemothorax 6-Hypovolemic shock

  13. Diagnostic evaluation • 1- Full examination of the unclothed body (entrance - exit ) • 2- Full neurologic examination • 3- Chest X - Ray ( Hemothorax pneumothorax-pneumomediastinum) • 4- Cervical spine X- Ray • 5- Flexible endoscopy – arteriography (24 hours available)

  14. Angiography Indications : Wounds near vessel in zone I or zone III Contraindications : Expanding hematoma Profound shock Uncontrolled bleeding Accuracy :98.5%

  15. Barium swallow • Indications : • Hematemesis • Drooling • Dysphagia • Vocal cord paralysis • Contraindications : • Intubated • Saliva in wound Unstable pt. • Accuracy : 90%

  16. Direct laryngoscopyand broncoscopy • Indications : • Vocal cord paralysis • Hoarseness • Tenderness or crepitance • over larynx • Subcutaneous emphysema • Hemoptysis • Contraindications: None • Accuracy :100%

  17. Esophagoscopy • Indications • Suspected but unconfirmed injury by Barium swallow • Intubated • Laryngeal or tracheal injury • Vascular injury inzone II or zone III • Contraindications :None • Accuracy :86%

  18. The leading cause of death Frompenetrating neck injuries is hemorrhago from vascularstructures ( 50% )

  19. Mandatory Versus Elective Exploration • 1-Lifethreatening • 2-Not lifethreatening

  20. Stable patients: • 1-Mandatory exploration for all penetrating neck wounds • 2-Selective exploration with observation

  21. Subcutaneous emphysema In the neck or face • 1-Sinus • 2- Hypopharynx • 3- Laryngothracheal complex • 4- Pulmonary parenchyma • 5- Esophagus

  22. Esophageal injuries • 1-Blunt (rare) • 2-16/288 (when penetrate platysma) • 3-Air in mediastinum • 4-Pain • 5-Hematemesis • 6-Hoarseness • 7-Barium swallow • 8-Endoscopy (rigid) • 9-N.P.O (7-10 days)

  23. Small injuries ofTrachea • Primary repair •     No tracheotomy • Absorbable sutures (3-0 or 4-0) •      Transversely sutures •      Ring above and below •      No drain

  24. Large defects • Anterior : Convert to tracheotomy • Posterior &lateral : Close primary & tracheotomy • Very large defect : Primary anastomosis(5-6 rings)

  25. Initial management 1-Airway 2-Blood perfusion maintenance 3-Clarification and classification of the severity of wound

  26. Parotid duct injuries • -  Opening opposite the second upper molar • -  Orifice of Stensen s duct should be probed - Repair over catheter

  27. Penterating Neck Injury Is immediately life-threatening Is not

  28. Signs Of Immediate L. T. -Massive bleeding -Expanding hematoma -Nonexpanding hematoma in the presence of hemodynamic instability -Hemomediastinum -Hemothorax -Hemovolemic shock

  29. Stable patient -Mandatory exploration for all pent.neck wounds -Selective exploration and observation -50-70% of pt. had negative exploration

  30. -World war II mortality of penetrating neck wound 7-15% -End of vietnam war 3-6%

  31. Transcervical injuries should be reported seperately from zone I , II , III injuries. Transcervical penetrating neck wounds when the projectile crosses the midline , have 100% vascular or aerodigestive injury.

  32. Initial management 1-Airway establishment 2-blood perfusion maintenance 3-clarification & classification of severity of the wounds

  33. Airway a-Intubation b-cricothyroidectomy c-tracheostomy

  34. Direct transcervical tracheal intubation • Oral cavity • Pharynx • larynx

  35. X-ray • Anterior • Lateral • Chest x-ray

  36. Esophageal perforation • Gastrografin swallow • If g. is negative a barium swallow perform • Flexible esophagoscopy 86% • Contrast swallow 90% • Rigid esophagoscopy • Flexible+Rigid endoscopy

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