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Metabolisme Mikrobia

Metabolisme Mikrobia. Metabolisme Mikrobia Katabolisme & Energi Penghasilan PMF Penghasilan ATP Biooksidasi Respirasi (Aerobik) Respirasi Anaerobik Fermentasi Fotoautotrofi Fotosisntesis (oksigenik & anoksigenik) Reaksi cahaya Reaksi gelap (fiksasi CO2) Anabolisme: Biosistesis

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Metabolisme Mikrobia

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  1. Metabolisme Mikrobia Metabolisme Mikrobia Katabolisme & Energi Penghasilan PMF Penghasilan ATP Biooksidasi Respirasi (Aerobik) Respirasi Anaerobik Fermentasi Fotoautotrofi Fotosisntesis (oksigenik & anoksigenik) Reaksi cahaya Reaksi gelap (fiksasi CO2) Anabolisme: Biosistesis Biosisntesis karbohidrat Biosisntesis Lipid Biosisntesis Protein Biosistesis asam nukleat

  2. 1.2. Metabolisme mikrobia • Metabolisme: • Katabolisme : pemecahan  energi • Anabolisme : sintesis ← energi • Metabolisme selular utama: • Glikolisis • Siklus Krebs • Rantai Respirasi

  3. Mekanisme dasar Metabolisme & Penghasilan Energi • Energi: kemampuan melakukan kerja • Sumber energi: cahaya matahari & bahan org/anorg • Bentuk energi yang dipakai: ATP • Jasad hidup tunduk terhadap Hukum Termodinamika • Aliran Elektron dari Rekduktan ke Oksidan menghasilkan energi • Enzim: katalisator protein yang membuat sistem kehidupan berjalan dengan cara memacu kecepatan reaksi pada suhu rendah. • Enzim tidak mengubag “Keq” tetapi menurnkan energi aktivasi  mempercepat tercapainya keadaanequilibrium

  4. Energi Bebas & Reaksi Biokimiawi • Reaksi : A + B C + D • Keq = (C) (D)/(A) (B) • Keadaan Standard: (A); (B); (C) ; (D)  1M ; pH = 7; T = 25°C = (298°K) • Energi bebas Standard: • G°’= - 2,3RT log Keq. • Keadaan equilibrium: konsentrasi (A), (B), (C) dan (D) sudah tetap ! • G = G°’ + 2,3RT log K • = -2,3 RT logKeq + 2,3RT log K • eg. ATP  ADP + Pi • G°’ = -7300 cal/mol

  5. Energi bebas Reaksi Redoks • G = -nF. E n = 2 (sistem hayati) F = 23062 cal/V.mol (Konst. Faraday) eg. NADH2  O2 (E = 1,14 Volt) G = 52.000 cal/mol  4,3 ATP Fakta: NADH2 = 3 ATP Efisiensi = 75%

  6. 1.3. Penghasilan PMF (Proton Motive Force) • Pembentukan gradien proton/pH di antara dua sisi membran: • Membran sel bakteri, arkhaea • Membran dalam mitokondria • Membran tilakoid kloroplas

  7. Generation of PMF

  8. 1.4. Penghasilan energi: ATP • Bentuk energi yang digunakan jasad hidup (ATP) • Pembentukan ATP ada 3 macam: • Fosforilasi tingkat substrat • Fosforilasi oksidatif – khemiosmosis • Fosforilasi fotosintetik

  9. Molekul ATP

  10. ATP

  11. Penghasilan energi : Biooksidasi

  12. A model : redox reaction... • Fe 2+ Fe3+ + e • Fe 2+ teroksidasi menjadi Fe3+ karena kehilangan elektron • Fe3+ tereduksi menjadiFe 2+ dengan menerima elektron

  13. Koenzim: NAD & FAD • NAD: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD+ NADH2) • NADP: Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+ NADPH2) • FAD: Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD+  FADH2)

  14. FAD+ FADH2

  15. FAD+ FADH2

  16. (NAD+ NADH2)

  17. Penulisan Singkat

  18. NADP

  19. NADP

  20. Biooksidasi: 1. Respirasi aerobik  O2 (oksigen) 2. Respirasi anaerobik  anorganik 3. Fermentasi  organik 1. Respirasi Aerobik: 1.1. Glycolysis 1.2.Tricarboxylic Acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) 1.3. Oxidative phosphorylation

  21. Reaksi biooksidasi-reduksi Laktat + NAD+  Piruvat + NADH2 Bio-katalisator : Lactate Dehydrogenase

  22. Energetics and carbon flow in (a) aerobic respiration, (b) anaerobic respiration, (c) chemolithotrophic metabolism, and (d) phototrophic; metabolism

  23. 1. Respirasi aerobik

  24. Embden-Meyerhof pathway Glycolysis: A common biochemical pathway for the fermentation of glucose is glycolysis, also named the Embden-Meyerhof pathway for its major discoverers. Can be divided into three major stages.

  25. Stages I and II: Preparatory and Redox Reactions Stage I : A series of preparatory rearrangements: reactions that do not involve oxidation-reduction and do not release energy but that lead to the production from glucose of two molecules of the key intermediate, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. Stage II: Oxidation-reduction occurs, energy is conserved in the form of ATP, and two molecules of pyruvate are formed.

  26. Stage III: Production of Fermentation Products Stage III: A second oxidation-reduction reaction occurs and fermentation products (for example, ethanol and CO2, or lactic acid) are formed.

  27. 1.1.Glikolisis

  28. Fruktosa-1,6-bi- Phosphate

  29. Perubahan Piruvat Asetil-CoA Pyruvate + Coenzyme A + NAD+  Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH2 Coenzyme A

  30. 1.2.Siklus Krebs

  31. 1.2. Siklus Krebs

  32. 1.2.Siklus Krebs

  33. 1.3.Fosforilasi Oksidatif (Rantai Respirasi) Akseptor elektron terakhir: O2

  34. Cytochrome

  35. Fosforilasi oksidatif

  36. Generation of PMF: teori khemiosmotik

  37. Penghasilan ATP: Respirasi Aerobik Glikolisis (8 ATP)  Perubahan Piruvat  Asetil-CoA (6 ATP)  Siklus Krebs (24 ATP)  Fosforilasi oksidatif  38 ATP

  38. Penghasilan ATP • Glikolisis: • Penghasilan ATP: • 1,3 bifosfogliserat  3 –fosfoliserat : 2 ATP • PEP  Piruvat : 2 ATP -------------------------------------------------------------- • Subtotal 4 ATP -------------------------------------------------------------- • Pemakaian ATP: • Glukosa  Glukosa -6-P : 1 ATP • Fruktosa-6-P  Fruktosa-1,6-bi-P : 1 ATP -------------------------------------------------------------- • Sub-total 2 ATP --------------------------------------------------------------- • Netto penghasilan 2 ATP --------------------------------------------------------------- • Penghasilan NADH2 • Gliseraldehid-3-P  1,3-bi-P-Gliserat: 2 NADH 

  39. Piruvat  Asetil-CoA • Piruvat  Asetil-CoA : 2 NADH2 Piruvat + Co-A + NAD+  Aseti-CoA + CO2 + NADH2

  40. Siklus Krebs • Isositrat  α-Ketoglutarat : 2 NADH2 • α-Ketoglutarat  Suksinil-CoA : 2 NADH2 • Suksinil-CoA  Suksinat : 2 ATP • Suksinat  Fumarat : 2 FADH2 • Malat  Oksaloasetat : 2 NADH2 • Netto: • 6 NADH2 • 2 FADH2 • 2 ATP

  41. Fosforilasi Oksidatif • 1 NADH2 3 ATP • 1 FADH2  2 ATP • Glikolisis : • 2 NADH2  2 x 3 = 6 ATP • Piruvat  Asetil-CoA: • 2 NADH2  2 x 3 = 6 ATP • Siklus Krebs: • Isositrat  α-Ketoglutarat : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP • α-Ketoglutarat  Suksinil-CoA : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP • Suksinat  Fumarat : 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP • Malat  Oksaloasetat : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP -------------------------------------------------------------------- • Sub-total = 22 ATP --------------------------------------------------------------------- • Total 34 ATP

  42. Total Penghasilan ATP • Glikolisis : • 2 NADH2  2 x 3 = 6 ATP (Fosforilasi oksidatif) • 2 ATP = 2 ATP (Fosforilasi tkt substrat) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Sub-total = 8 ATP ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- • Piruvat  Asetil-CoA: • 2 NADH2  2 x 3 = 6 ATP (Fosforilasi oksidatif) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Siklus Krebs: • Isositrat  α-Ketoglutarat : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP (Fosforilasi oksidatif) • α-Ketoglutarat  Suksinil-CoA : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP (Fosforilasi oksidatif) • Suksinat  Fumarat : 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP (Fosforilasi oksidatif) • Malat  Oksaloasetat : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP (Fosforilasi oksidatif) • Suksinil-CoA  Suksinat : 2 ATP = 2 ATP (Fosforilasi tkt substrat) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Sub-total = 24 ATP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Total 38 ATP ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ • Bakteria & Archaea : 38 ATP • Mikrobia eukaryotik: 36 ATP (2 ATP digunakan untuk transfer 2 NADH2 dari sitoplasma ke dalam mitokondria)

  43. Total energi Respirasi Aerobik Glikolisis : 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP 2 ATP = 2 ATP Piruvat  Acetyl-CoA 2 NADH2 = 6 ATP Siklus Krebs 6 NADH2 = 18 ATP 2 FADH2 = 4 ATP 2 ATP = 2 ATP -------------------------------------------------------------- Total = 38 ATP ---------------------------------------------------------------

  44. Respirasi Anaerobik • Reduksi Nitrat  Nitrit NH3  N2 (Closteridium sp.) • Reduksi Sulfat  H2S (Desulforomonas sp.) • Redksi CO2  CH4 (Methanococcus sp. ; Archaea)

  45. 2. Respirasi Anaerobik: Reduksi Nitrat Reduksi Nitrat: NO3 + e + H+ NO2 + H2O

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