Geography & Environment

1. ANCIENT GREECE Economics Geography &Environment Mostly lacked natural resources, so colonized surrounding areas -fishing, trade, Crete- farming -Minoans: navy -1400 BCE Mycenaeans- navy, weapons, defense, adopt Minoan advances ? 1200 Trojan War: Mycenaeans vs. Troy (Helen) -1150- 750 BCE Dorian sea raiders- less advanced, trade declined; no writing -Athenian Democracy vs. Spartan military state- bronze weapons, phalanxes-Persian Wars Battle of Marathon; Greeks win Battle of Salamis- Greeks win after sacrifice of 300 Spartan men -478 BCE Delian League- Alliance -Peloponnesian Wars: Athens vs. Sparta; Sparta wins 404 BCE -333 BCE Alexander the Great vs. Persia (Darius flees) Alexander wins -332 BCE Alexander into Egypt: founds Alexandria; crowned pharoah -330 BCE Alexander into Mesopotamia: Babylon, Susa, Persepolis (Persian capital) -327 BCE Alexander into India -323 BCE Alexander dies of fever -Macedonian generals fight over Alexander’s empire after his death ( Antigonus – Macedonia; Ptolemy- Egypt, Seleucus- Old Persian Empire) -150 BCE Rome takes Greece Mountainous peninsula 2,000+ islands Rocky ground, not good for farming (except Crete) Mediterranean Sea Ionian Sea Aegean Sea Moderate temperature Mountains and seas isolated the separate city-states 3500 BCE Minoans farming on Crete Government & Civics Minoans powerful, advanced civilization; -Prepalatial: cities, no central government - Protopalatial: king= ruler; palaces built - Neoplalatial: all palaces destroyed, new bigger ones built; villas, roads, classes develop; women active in society Mycenaeansbest at sea; fortresses on hills & mountains for protection, bronze weapons Doriansless advanced, lose writing Ionians 750 BCE polis- city-states; 10,000 residents; acropolis: fortified hilltop, center of government; agora: marketplace in acropolis 621 BCE Draco: Draconian Law- all are =; harsh death penalty 594 BCE Solon: outlawed debt slavery, organized 4 classes 500 BCE Cleisthenes: broke up nobility so all citizens involved in govt Athens Democracy: rule by citizens Pericles: direct democracy: citizens involved by lottery (representative democracy- USA: citizens elect a representative to speak for you in government) SOUTH: Sparta- military state; boys 6-60 in military; women more rights in society **Separate city-states became competitive: Athens & Sparta Culture & Religion Polytheism Minoans: curled hair, wore jewelry Mycenaeans: writing, palaces Dorians: less advanced, little culture, no writing Homer: blind poet: Iliad,Odyssey; mythology Peloponnesian Wars- Athens vs. Sparta - Macedonia: King Phillip III’s phalanx system of military is passed to son, Alexander Alexander the Great combines Greek culture (Hellenic) with Eastern culture: Hellenistic culture Language: koine: for trading; Alexandria: trade, museums, learning, art ATHENS- democracy, writing, DRAMA: tragedy,comedy; philosophy: Socrates,Plato, Aristotle, Science: Astronomy, math, Parthenon, women no power, CLASSICAL ART: perfect human form & serenity; strong navy; Used Delian League $ to fund Athens SPARTA- age 6-60: military