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Chapter 5 Information Systems in Business Software

Chapter 5 Information Systems in Business Software. Software : Instructions to the Computer. A computer program is a series of instructions to a computer to execute any and all processes. Computers only “ understand” instructions consisting of electrical signals alternating between two states.

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Chapter 5 Information Systems in Business Software

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  1. Chapter 5Information Systemsin BusinessSoftware

  2. Software:Instructions to the Computer • A computer programis a series of instructions to a computer to execute any and all processes. • Computers only “understand” instructions consisting of electrical signals alternating between two states.

  3. Programming Languages • Programming languages • Abbreviated forms of instructions that translate into machine language • New programming languages make programming easierfor people who are not necessarily hardware experts

  4. Machine Languages (ML) • Only languages computers can directly interpret to carry out instructions • ML coding: time-consuming and error-prone • ML programmers: concerned with hardware details • Every computer or family of computers has its own ML; each is machine-dependent.

  5. Assembly Languages • More English-like; codes shorter than machine languages • Assembler translates into machine language • Advantages of machine or assembly languages • Programmer in control of hardware • Programs written in low-level languages run more efficiently.

  6. Procedural Languages • Third-generation (procedural) languages are more English-like than assembly languages. • Relatively easy to learn, write, and debug. • FORTRAN, COBOL, BASIC

  7. Fourth Generation Languages (4GL) • 4GLs are more English-like than procedural languages. • Easy to learn and use; shorter application development time. • PowerBuilder, FOCUS, NOMAD, and RAMIS

  8. Levels of programming Language: 9-17

  9. Visual Programming • Languages that let programmers create field windows, scroll-down menus, click buttons,etc., by choosing from a palette • Appropriate code written automatically • Accelerates work • Microsoft’s Visual Basic

  10. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) • Emphasis on the objects involved in the task, not on the procedure • An object encapsulates a data set with the code that is used to operate on it • Standardized programming modules can be reused

  11. Advantages of Object-Oriented Programming over Procedural Languages

  12. Advantages and disadvantages of higher-level programming languages

  13. Application Software vs. System Software • Application:a program developed to address a specific business need; software for development of such programs. • System:programs designed to carry out general routine operations, such as loading, copying, or deleting a file.

  14. Application Software • Custom-Designed Applications • Advantages: • Meeting the organization’s needs exactly • In-house developers are sensitive to the organizational culture • Disadvantages: • High cost • Production schedule subject to long delays • Incompatible with other organizations’ systems

  15. Advantages and disadvantages of tailored applications

  16. Packaged Software • Advantages: • Low cost • High quality • Vendor support • Immediate availability • Often tested at user sites(alpha sites and beta sites)before the final version is released

  17. Advantages and disadvantages of packaged software

  18. System Software • Manages computer resources and performs routine tasks not specific to any application • Copying and pasting sections and files • Printing documents • Allocating memory • Developed to partner with application software

  19. Operating Systems (O/S) • Most important system software • Developed for a certain microprocessor or microprocessors • Plays the role of “traffic cop” or the “boss” of computer resources

  20. The operating system mediates between applications and the computer, and controls peripheral devices.

  21. Operating System Functions • Systems Management • User Interface • Memory Allocation • Multitasking, Multiprogramming, and Multiprocessing • Times and Statistics • Increasing Services from O/Ss

  22. 32-bit operating system; GUI; Multitasking. Networking Windows 98 & 95 Windows NT Me, 2000&XP 32-bit operating system not limited to Intel chips. Multitasking; Multiprocessing; Networking Windows CE Paired-down for handheld computers, wireless communication devices 32-bit. Developed for IBM PS/2. Multitasking; Networking OS/2 MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES

  23. MICROCOMPUTER OPERATING SYSTEMS OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES For powerful Microcomputers, Workstations, Minicomputers. Multitasking; Multi-user Processing; Networking. Portable to various Computer Platforms Unix Linux Free, reliable alternative to Unix, Windows. Runs on many Platforms Mac OS For Macintosh computers. Multitasking. Powerful Graphics; Multimedia DOS For IBM (PC-DOS) and PC (MS-DOS). Program Memory: 640K

  24. Popular Operating System

  25. Compilers and Interpreters • Compiler • Scans source code and translates into object code • Generates error message and does not compile when an error is found • Allows users to save programs in object code • Interpreter • Checks one statement at a time • Changes error-free statements into ML • Generates an error message for errors

  26. Data Communication Programs • Controls and supports data communication activities in a network • Setting up rules that govern transmission and reception of data • Connecting and disconnecting communication links • Assigning priorities among terminals in a network • Detecting and correcting transmission errors

  27. Proprietary vs. Open Source • Proprietary O/S: limited to using applications compatible with it • Open O/S:compatible with virtually all applications. • Completely open O/S does not exist • Some O/Ss (e.g., Unix) are said to be nonproprietary, but it is still impossible to run many applications on different versions of such O/Ss.

  28. Sample results of software evaluation (5 is the highest score.)

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