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AwvwjweI AOr aUrjw ky swDn. tknOlOjI ky mhwn kdm kYimst ky nzrIey sy. kYimstrI ky ivigAwnko AOr AYjnIrO ny zmIn, hvw AOry AkwS my AwvwjweI ky swDn bnwey] 19-vI sdI my lok lkVI Xw koiely sy Gr grm krqy, imtI ky qyl Xw mom b`qIAW sy roSnI krdy, GoVy, g`fI, ikSqI Xw pYdl Xwqrw krqy]
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AwvwjweI AOr aUrjw ky swDn tknOlOjIky mhwn kdm kYimst ky nzrIey sy kYimstrI ky ivigAwnko AOr AYjnIrO ny zmIn, hvw AOry AkwS my AwvwjweI ky swDn bnwey] 19-vI sdI my lok lkVI Xw koiely sy Gr grm krqy, imtI ky qyl Xw mom b`qIAW sy roSnI krdy, GoVy, g`fI, ikSqI Xw pYdlXwqrw krqy] pIyCy kI do sdIAW my aUrjw kI jrUrq vDI, kYimstrI ny ACy vDIAW aUrjw ky swDn bnwey jYsy qrl eIDn, bYtrIAO AOr aUrjw bcw lyny vwly swDn] kYimstrI A`gy vDI kwrW, jhwjW, spys jMqrW AOry sVkO ky iley nXw ACw swmwn dIXw[ kudrq ky soimAW sy DwqU, imnrlz, qyl AOr nvW mwl dy kr kYimstrI ny hmwrI ijdgI svwr dI hY] 1.1.aUrjw ky swDn koielw, ptrOl kI Koj AOr naUklIAr aUrjw 1.2 stor hony vwlI ibjlI, suvwhwqw aUrjw dy swDn iek vwr vrqO vwlI bYtrIAW rIcwrj hony vwlI bYtrIAW 1.3. sVkW AOr pulW kw mwl sIimMt bjrI L`uk Dwqu AOry imSrx Dwqu c`lqw r`Kny AOry TIk krny kw igAwn 1.4. ptrOlIAm eIDn inkly qyl sy ptrOl eIDn my imlwey q`q DUAW sPweI DwqU (kYtwilst) 1.5. kwrW bcwa AOr Awrwm lIey mwl plwsitk kyy purjy AOr swmwn nXI tknOlOjI kydy twier 1.6. hvweI jMqr (eyronwtks) grm hvweI gubwry hIlIAm rwkt kw eIDn jhwz AOr rwkt bnwny kw swmwn
1. dulweI AOry aUrjw ky swDn SurU sy Awj q~k 1882 ibjlI bnwny kI mSIny koielw jlw ky c`lqI] 1884 jrmn ky gotlIeb fymlr ny pihlI kwr bnweI jo ptrOl sy c`lqI QI] 1902 zmIn sy inkly qyl sy sVkO bnwny vwlI lu`k bnI] 1913 zmIn sy inkwly qyl kogrm krny pr ptrOl inklw] 1921 Qwms imfly, jr. tYtrw eYQl lYf ptrOl my imlw ky ienjn kw Sor km kIXw[ 1936izAwdw Awktyn vwlwptrOl bnw, qyl km grm krny pr swQ kYtwilits ] 1947 AmrIkn bI AYP gufirc kMpnI ny pihlw ibnw tueIb ky twier bnwieAw] 1949 AYvrYfI bYtrI kMpnI ny Coty sweIz kw AlklweIn bYtrI kw sYl bnwieAw] 1954 bYl lYbotrI ny Dup my cwrj hony vwlI islIkon-vwlI bYtrI bnweI] 1958 boieg 707 jYt hvweI jhwz sy hvweI sPr bdlw] 1970 ibnw isky vwlw ptrol bnw; isky vwlw ptrol km huXw] 1975 kwrO my kYtwilitk knvrtr l`gny l`gy] 1980-1990s sYl Pon AOry lYptwp kmpUtr my ilQIAm Awien bYtrI lgny lgI] 1981 klMbIAw spys Stl dunIAW kw iPr vrqO vwlw spys ivmwn Qw] koiely sy ibjlI bnwny kw kwrKwnw fymlrkwr fwk itkt Luk kI sVk Qwms imfly, jr. XujIn hofry kYtwilitk knvrtr swQ gufirc ibnw tuaub twier islIkon-vwlI solr bYtrI boieg 707 kYtwilitk knvrtr kw isDwq ilQiAm Awien bYtrI kw isDwq spys Stl