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Chapter 16. Accounting for Foreign Currency. Basics in Foreign Exchange. Foreign exchange is traded “Over-the-counter” (OTC) Made up of commercial and investment banks On an exchange Over the Internet. Basics in Foreign Exchange. Foreign exchange instruments include
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Chapter 16 Accounting for Foreign Currency
Basics in Foreign Exchange • Foreign exchange is traded • “Over-the-counter” (OTC) • Made up of commercial and investment banks • On an exchange • Over the Internet
Basics in Foreign Exchange • Foreign exchange instruments include • Spot transaction – exchange takes place within 2 days of a trade agreement; uses the spot rate • Outright forwards – exchange takes place 3 or more days after the date of a trade agreement; uses forward rate • FX swap – one currency is exchanged for another on one date and then swapped back at a future date • Future – an agreement to trade currency at a specific price on a specific date • Option – the right, but not the obligation, to trade foreign currency in the future
Spot Market • Rates are normally quoted from a trader’s perspective in two rates • Example - $1.9072/82 • Bid - $1.9072 • Ask - $1.9082 • Sometimes given as a mid-rate ($1.9077)
Foreign Currency Transactions • Denominated in currency other than the reporting currency of the firm • No problems if transactions are denominated in the firm’s domestic currency • If transaction is settled immediately, the transaction is recorded at the spot rate
Foreign Currency Transactions • If a transaction is denominated in a foreign currency and settled at a subsequent balance sheet date, four problems arise involving • Initial recording of the transaction • Recording of foreign currency balances at subsequent balance sheet dates • Treatment of any foreign exchange gains and losses • Recording of the settlement of foreign currency receivables and payables when they come due
Foreign Currency Transactions • Have two components • Monetary component – cash received/paid or accounts receivable/payable • Nonmonetary component – equipment or inventory purchased or sold • IAS 21 and SFAS 52 recognize gains and losses in income at the balance sheet date
Foreign Currency Transactions • IAS 21 and SFAS 52 • Example – Equipment and A/P are recorded at the spot rate on the transaction date – Why? • Transaction is divided into 2 parts – purchase of equipment and decision to finance through A/P • At balance sheet date, equipment remains at historical cost, A/P changes to reflect new spot rate • Any difference between the spot rates is a gain or loss, reflected in the period in which the rate changed
IAS 21 • Requirements • Monetary items are recorded at the closing rate • Nonmonetary items should recorded at the historical exchange rate • Nonmonetary items carried at fair value should be recorded at the rate in effect when the fair values were determined
Illustration U.S. firm imports equipment from Germany on March 1 for €200,000 when the exchange rate is $1.3112 per euro. Payment in Euro does not have to be made until April 30. Assume that on March 31, the exchange rate is $1.35 and on April 30 is $1.33. The firm’s books are closed at the end of the calendar quarter.
Illustration – Journal Entries March 1 Purchases 262,240 A/P 262,240 €200,000 x 1.3112 March 31 Foreign exchange loss 7,760 A/P 7,760 €200,000 (1.3112 – 1.35) April 30 A/P 270,000 Foreign exchange gain 4,000 Cash 266,000
Illustration: Accounting for Debt in a Foreign Currency On January 1, a U.S. firm borrows 2 million Swiss francs for 5 years at 3% interest paid semiannually in Swiss francs. The principal does not have to be repaid until the end of the loan. The loan is adjusted for exchange rate changes every 6 months. Exchange rates are: January 1 $.8064 June 30 $.7901 December 31 $.8839 Average (1st 6 months) $.79825 Average (2nd 6 months) $.8370
Illustration: Accounting for Debt in a Foreign Currency January 1 Cash 1,612,800 Notes Payable 1,612,800 June 30 Notes Payable 32,600 Foreign Exchange Loss 32,600 (CHF.7901 -.8064) x CHF 2 million Interest Expense 23,948 Foreign exchange gain 245 Cash 23,703 CHF2,000,000 x (.03/2) = 30,000 x .79825 = $23,948 CHF30,000 x .7901 = $23,703
Illustration: Accounting for Debt in a Foreign Currency Dec. 31 Foreign exchange loss 187,600 Notes Payable 187,600 (.7901-.8839) x CHF 2million Interest Expense 25,110 Foreign exchange loss 1,407 Cash 26,517 CHF30,000 x .8370 = $25,110 CHF30,000 x .8839 = $26,517
Translation terminology • Functional currency – currency of the primary economic environment in which the company operates • Reporting currency – currency in which the parent company prepares its financial statements • Foreign currency – any currency other than the functional currency of the company • Local currency – currency of a particular country being referred to • Exchange difference – difference resulting from translating a given number of units of one currency into another currency at different exchange rates • Foreign operation – a subsidiary, associate, joint venture, or branch whose activities are based in a country other than that of the reporting enterprise
Key issues for translation • Exchange rates at which various accounts are translated from one currency into another • Subsequent treatment of gains and losses
Current/Noncurrent Method • Current assets and liabilities are translated at current exchange rates • Noncurrent assets and liabilities and stockholders’ equity are translated at historical exchange rates • Anything due to mature in one year or less or within the normal business cycle should be translated at the current rate • Everything else should be carried at the rate in effect when the translation was originally recorded • Accounts should be grouped according to maturity
Monetary/Nonmonetary Method • Accounts are considered as monetary or nonmonetary • Monetary assets and liabilities translated at the current rate • Nonmonetary assets and liabilities and stockholders’ equity translated at historical rates • Assets and liabilities are translated on the basis of attributes instead of time
Temporal Method • Cash, receivables, and payables are translated at the current rate • Other assets and liabilities may be translated at current or historical rates, depending on their characteristics • Assets and liabilities carried at past exchange prices are translated at historical rates • Assets and liabilities carried at current purchase or sales exchange prices or future exchange prices would be translated at current rates • This flexible method ensures that parent currency is the single unit of measure
Current Rate Method (Closing Rate Method) • All assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate • Net worth is translated at the historical rate • Results in translated statements that retain the same ratios and relationships that exist in the local currency
International Accounting Standards • IAS 21 • If foreign operations are integral to the operations of the reporting company, the temporal method is used • Exchange gains and losses are taken to income • If foreign operations are considered to be foreign entities, the closing rate method is used • Exchange differences are taken to equity until investment disposal • Financial statements in hyperinflationary economies must be adjusted for price level changes according to IAS 29, then translated into the reporting currency
The Temporal Method • Used to remeasure financial statements from a foreign currency to the functional currency • Requirements are as follows • Remeasure cash, receivables, and liabilities at the current balance sheet rate • Remeasure inventory, fixed assets, and capital stock at the appropriate historical exchange rates • Remeasure most revenues and expenses at the average rate for the year; cost of sales and depreciation expense are translated at the appropriate historical exchange rates • Take all remeasurement gains or losses directly to the income statement
The Temporal Method • Easier to remeasure the balance sheet before the income statement • Translation adjustment is taken to the income statement
How Remeasurement Works • Lower-of-cost or market values of inventory should be calculated first • Cost = Historical cost in foreign currency x Exchange rate in effect when inventory was acquired • Market = Market value in foreign currency x Exchange rate in effect when market was determined • Test is performed in the reporting currency
The Current Rate Method • Used when the functional currency is defined as the foreign currency • Steps in the current rate method • Total assets and liabilities are translated at the current exchange rate • Stockholders’ equity accounts are translated at the appropriate historical rate for the period • All revenue and expense items are translated at the average exchange rate for the period • Dividends are translated at the exchange rate in effect when they were issued • Translation gains and losses are taken to a accumulated translation adjustment account in stockholders’ equity
The Current Rate Method • Better to translate the income statement first because the translation gain or loss becomes a balance sheet plug figure • Translation adjustment is taken to stockholders’ equity
Foreign Currency and Intercompany Transactions • Gains and losses on foreign currency debt are often adjusted to interest expense • Intercompany transactions are both long and short-term • Intercompany profits can arise when the parent sells goods or services to the sub • A portion of these profits can be related to exchange rate changes
Long-term Investment • Settlement is not planned in the near future • If, for example, a loan is given from a parent to a sub and is expected to be paid back, the exchange gain or loss is recognized in the income statement of the subsidiary • If the loan is long-term, the exchange gain or loss is taken to • Stockholders’ Equity – Current rate method • Income Statement – Temporal method
Elimination of Intercompany Profits • Profits must be eliminated upon consolidation, combination, or the equity method • Profits are based on the exchange rates at the dates of the sales or transfers • Temporal method – inventory is carried at historical cost, so inventory balance remains the same
Statement of Cash Flows • Guidelines are given in SFAS 95 and IAS 7 • Example – U.S. parent and British subsidiary • The British sub 1st prepares its own statement of cash flows in British pounds. • The cash flows are translated into dollars using the actual exchange rate in effect when the cash flows took place or the average exchange rate for the year. • The translated cash flows are consolidated with the parent company’s cash flow statement.
Statement of Cash Flows • Starts with Net Income • Foreign exchange gains or losses must be excluded from cash flows from operating activities (non-cash item)
The Impact of IAS 21 • Requires disclosure of the following • Amount of exchange differences included in the net profit or loss for the period • Net exchange differences classified as equity as a separate component of equity; a reconciliation of the amount of such differences at the beginning and end of the period • If the reporting currency is different from the currency of the country in which the enterprise is domiciled, must disclose the reason for using a different currency • The reason for any change in reporting currency • A change in the functional currency of either the reporting entity or a significant foreign operation and the reason therefore
IAS 21 Convenience Translations • Requirements include the following • Identify supplementary information to distinguish it from the information that complies with IFRS • Disclose the currency in which the supplementary information is displayed • Disclose the entity’s functional currency and the method of translation used to determine the supplementary information