会议日程

2. 会议日程 Room F 13:30 - 15:00 8-O-1Remote Sensing of Natural and Cultural Heritage - Part (1) Co-chair Mario Hernandez (International Society for Digital Earth) Co-chair Xinyuan Wang (Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth, CAS)

3. Recent Progress on Research and Applications of Remote Sensing Archaeology in the Project of Tracing Source of Chinese Civilization Yu Lijun, NieYueping, Wang Changlin, Zhu Jianfeng International Centre on Space Technologies for Natural and Cultural Heritage(HIST) Joint Laboratory of Remote Sensing Archaeology Department of Remote Sensing for Natural and Cultural Heritage, MOST April 2013

4. OUTLINE • Foreword • Research and Application Practice • Project of Tracing the Source of Chinese Civilization • Grand Canal • 3rd national cultural relics survey in Xinjiang • 3rd national cultural relics survey in Hainan • geophysical exploration in Hangzhou • Conclusion and Perspective

5. Foreword

6. Chinese Civilization • Chinese history begets enduring culture, which has continued without interruption for 5,000 years. This fact is without parallel in the world. • Widely Distributed Chinese Civilization • These heritages are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. Neolithic Shang Dynasty Zhou dynasty Han dynasty Division Sui dynasty Tang dynasty Five Dynasty Song dynasty Yuan dynasty Ming dynasty Qing dynasty China courtesy of Patricia Buckley Ebrey

7. Crisis Natural factors Human-caused threat Resource over-exploitation Deforestation Hydroelectric project Pollution Urbanization Uncontrolled tourism …… • Flood • Earthquake • Landslides • Forest fire • Global change • ……

8. Remote Sensing and Archaeology

9. Research

10. Main Work • Discovery and Detection • Spatial Analysis of archaeological sites • Integration of Multi-Source Remote Sensing • Site Location Prediction • Environmental change • Simulation of ancient environment

11. ResearchDiscovery and Detection

12. Data Acquisition

13. Archaeological Sites • Image feature： • Tone/Texture/Shape/Size/Position/Spatial pattern/Shadow/Spatial relationship/Flood/Frost and snow/moisture/Vegetation • Archaeological sites show up as: • Structures • Shadow marks • Soil marks • Crop marks • Thermal anomalies Courtesy of Dr. Anthony Beck

14. Crop marks • The rammed soil is very dry with poor water permeability, which is not good for root system development. These vegetation get less sunlight and nutrients growing in undesirable way. Vegetation over palace vegetation surrounding building building Case study: Erlitou(Henan,China) Image：WorldView2 Date：2010 Erlitou is the largest site associated with the Erlitou Culture.

15. interpretation marks for archaeology

16. water project in Liangzhu Tangshan Earthen Wall Liangzhu ancient city Penggong Dam 1960, CORONA

17. Peng Gong dam • ancient water project in Liangzhu, Zhejiang • B.P.4800 using C14 dating • Artificial building 2011.3.18 QuickBird

18. Peng Gong dam case1 case2 case1 1960, CORONA case2

19. Tangshan Earthen Wall • large defensive structures • Artificial flood protection works • First dam in Chinese Hydropower inside of earthen wall West of earthen wall

20. ancient river channel identification Case study：Luoyang Basin Multi scale data integration Erlitou • YiluoRiver had changed many times in history. Many sites were buried in Luoyang basin. • accumulation of fluvial facies remain in local area • ancient Luohe speculated by marks of river overflow according to CORONA and images

21. Detection of temperature anomaly Case study：Erlitou Data: ASTERand MODIS(Thermal Infrared) The temperature of palace site in Erlitou is higher than other area with low soil moisture. Palace LST map processed by Gaussian low-pass filter • TVDI map of Erlitou sites Red-low moisture Green-high moisture

22. Research-Spatial Analysis

23. Site statistical analysis in Taihu Basin The distribution characteristics of archaeological sites and geomorphology have a close relationship. number 良渚古城 • Threshold: 5m • (<5m,lower;>5m,higher) Higher lower Cultural period MajiangbangSongzeLiangzhuMaqiao • Majiabang/Songze/Liangzhu culture located in the lower place, which means that sea levels were lower during the three culture periods. • Maqiao culture located in higher place. Maqiao culture is formed during Shang and Zhou dynasty, when the sea level was high. • Corresponding to historical fact

24. spatial distribution of sites in different culture periods Majiabang Songze Liangzhu Number:97 avg elevation:13m avg slope:1.68 Number:51 avg elevation:7.3m avg slope:0.78 Number:107 avg elevation:9.5m avg slope:1.25 Liangzhu sites have a significant increase in the distribution and extend to the Taihu lake widely, especially to the southeast about 70% of the Majiabang culture sites are north of Taihu and concentrate in the hillside and high hill areas northeast of Taihu Songze sites lay highland between rivers and lakes ChunqiuSuitang HushuMaqiao composite analysis: 1、The relationship between water and archaeological sites is obvious. 2、Slope is less than 30°. The average slope is about 5°. Number:49 avg elevation:16m avg slope:3.15 Number:95 avg elevation:18m avg slope:5.35 elevation Sites inculture period Shell ridge Shell ridge(5000a B.P) Shell fossile Maqiao culture period mainly distribute at waterfront highland and the foot of hill the number of sites after Maqiao culture period decrease for the rising of water level in Taihu

25. Taosi Culture Site • Linfeng basin is located in southwestof Shanxi • the largest Longshan site discovered in the Linfen basin area, possibly a regional center. archaeological excavation Luoyun Mountain Taosi Fenhe River Ta’er Mountain ancient astronomical observatory

26. Buffer Analysis Probably in over 90 percent of the cases, the distance from site to river is less than 600m.

27. suitability analysis slope aspect Distance to river Resistance model • The resistance model was deduced according to elevation,slope,aspectand distance to river. • Most sites are inside the most comfortable areas for human-being to live according to statistics.

28. control over the resources • material supply: • Zhangzuan(pottery supply) • Daguduishan quarry(stone supply) • Boyucun(pottery supply) • Gushucun(pottery supply)? Taosi Zhangzan Gushu Dagushandui Boyu

29. Relationship between human migrations and natural environment in different stages of social development: • Most Paleolithic humans lived in mountainous regions • Most ancient humans lived in front of the mountain, rivers terrace during Neolithic and Xia, Shang and Zhou Periods • The elevation of settlements was increasingly lower with the development of human society. productivity growth

30. Viewshed Analysis Case study: Liangzhu Ancient City Data: Aster GDEM, ETM+ • Viewshed Analysis plays an important part in archaeology. • The small settlements during the Liangzhu culture period are within the visibility of Liangzhu Ancient City. • The ancient city is the center of archeological sites, which shows its noble status. Taihu Lake LiangzhuAncient City QiantangRiver Liangzhu Ancient City

31. Application Practice-Integration

32. Identification of ancient wall case study: north wall(Liangzhu Ancient City) original image weak information enhanced after Pansharp Pansharpenhanced LEE filter

33. Application Practice-Site Location Prediction

34. Site Location Prediction • Natural environment is the base of settlements in the process of form and development. • geographic distribution feature of archaeological sites—Archaeological predictive model tool raw materials food chain landscape water

35. original data derived data prediction probability DEM(30m) ETM+ Discovery, Preservation, Management and Planning

36. Application Practice-Environmental Changes

37. catchment basin and settlements Case study：Liangzhu| Taosi • The reconstructure of environment is vital to the research of society, culture and economy of the day. • Relationship between settlements and catchment basin： • The larger the catchment basin is, the larger the settlement is. simulation of rainfall

38. sea level changes during the holocene epoch in Taihu Basin Statistic of elevation in different period high sea level？ low sea level？ MajiabangSongzeLiangzhuMaqiao Zhou ZhanguoWeijin Tang sea level decline-low sea level-sea levels rising

39. River Diversion of Dongtiaoxi • water change is an important part of environmental change • The changes of Dongtiaoxi river were closely connected with Liangzhu culture development. • In the light of historical data of environment and the marks in the old aerial photoes, we can deduce the river course and direction. flood mark deviation of river

40. Liangzhu’s flood control system predicted

41. Application Practice

42. Linear Cultural Heritage • The Grand Canal is the longest canal in the world. • passes through 8provinces • The canal was started in the 6th cent. BC and was constructed over a 2,000-year period. • canal remains navigable between Jining and Hangzhou . LANDSAT ETM+（2000-2002） SPOT5 (2002-2007)

43. Grand Canal of China evolution and growth of Yangzhou Grand Canal of China in Yangzhou(sluice) ancient canal new-built canal 1954 aerial photo1998 aerial photo2002 SPOT5

44. pattern evolution of Yangzhou city influenced by Grand Canal

45. Virtual reality and visualization case study: ancient city model(Tongzhou)

46. aerial photography in sites investigation case study : Juyansites group(Inner Mongolia)

47. XinJiangProvince Aheqi tomb • The investigation has proven some detection technique. • In practice, we have identified the majority of surficial sites and found a lot of new sites. Haitou City

48. Change of Minjiang EstuaryHan-Tang-Songuan-MingQing-Now Now Mingqing Songyuan Tang Han

49. Detection of site under ground case study: Hangzhou Radar reflection profile view • In order to coordinate infrastructure and preserve the archaeological sites, RS+GroundPenetrating Radar are employed to the study area. • Help us identify archaeological objects under ground

50. Conclusion and Perspective