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Outline

Outline. understand principles behind data link layer services: error detection, correction sharing a broadcast channel: multiple access link layer addressing ARP RARP. 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD. LAN (wired or wireless). 71-65-F7-2B-08-53. 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0. 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98.

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Outline

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  1. Outline • understand principles behind data link layer services: • error detection, correction • sharing a broadcast channel: multiple access • link layer addressing • ARP • RARP

  2. 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD LAN (wired or wireless) 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 LAN Addresses Each adapter on LAN has unique LAN address Broadcast address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF = adapter

  3. LAN Address • MAC address allocation administered by IEEE • manufacturer buys portion of MAC address space (to assure uniqueness) • Analogy: (a) MAC address: like Social Security Number (b) IP address: like postal address • MAC flat address ➜ portability • can move LAN card from one LAN to another • IP hierarchical address NOT portable • depends on IP subnet to which node is attached

  4. Question: how to determine MAC address of B knowing B’s IP address? ARP: Address Resolution Protocol • Each IP node (Host, Router) on LAN has ARP table (ARP Cache) • ARP Table: IP/MAC address mappings for some LAN nodes • <IP address; MAC address; TTL> • TTL (Time To Live): time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min) (also known as ARP Cache Timeout) 237.196.7.78 1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD 237.196.7.23 237.196.7.14 A B LAN 71-65-F7-2B-08-53 58-23-D7-FA-20-B0 0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98 237.196.7.88

  5. A wants to send datagram to B, and B’s MAC address not in A’s ARP table. A broadcasts ARP query packet, containing B's IP address Dest MAC address = FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF all machines on LAN receive ARP query B receives ARP packet, replies to A with its (B's) MAC address frame sent to A’s MAC address (unicast) ARP protocol: Same LAN (network) • A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out) • soft state: information that times out (goes away) unless refreshed • ARP is “plug-and-play”: • nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator

  6. Routing to another LAN • walkthrough: send datagram from A to B via R, assume A knows B’s IP address • Two ARP tables in router R, one for each IP network (LAN) • In routing table at source Host, find router 111.111.111.110 • In ARP table at source, find MAC address E6-E9-00-17-BB-4B, etc A R B

  7. Routing to another LAN • A creates datagram with source A, destination B • A uses ARP to get R’s MAC address for 111.111.111.110 • A creates link-layer frame with R's MAC address as dest, frame contains A-to-B IP datagram • A’s adapter sends frame • R’s adapter receives frame • R removes IP datagram from Ethernet frame, sees its destined to B • R uses ARP to get B’s MAC address • R creates frame containing A-to-B IP datagram sends to B A R B

  8. RARP • Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a network layer protocol used to obtain an IP address for a given hardware address. • When a system with a local disk is bootstrapped it normally obtains its IP address from a configuration file that's read from a disk file. But a system without a disk, such as an X terminal or a diskless workstation, RARP is used to obtain its IP address. • The format of an RARP packet is almost identical to an ARP packet (Figure 4.3). The only differences are that the frame type is 0×8035 for an RARP request or reply, and the op field has a value of 3 for an RARP request and 4 for an RARP reply. • As with ARP, the RARP request is broadcast and the RARP reply is normally unicast. • It has been rendered obsolete by BOOTP, DHCP (will be discussed later)

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