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AP Exam Review: Psychological Approaches

AP Exam Review: Psychological Approaches. Psychological Science is Born. Wilhelm Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today.

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AP Exam Review: Psychological Approaches

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  1. AP Exam Review:Psychological Approaches

  2. Psychological Science is Born Wilhelm Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today. Wundt’s student, Edward Titchner, introduced structuralism at Cornell University. He wanted to discover the structural elements of the mind, so he trained people in introspection (looking inward) and reporting elements of their experiences. Generally speaking, the structuralists focused on inner sensations, images and feelings. Wundt (1832-1920) Wundt (1832-1920) Titchner (1867-1927)

  3. Psychological Science is Born American philosopher William James looked at the evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings. James believed that thinking, like smelling and seeing, developed because it was adaptive. He studied how mental and behavioral processes function and enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish. This approach to psychology is called functionalism. James was better known for teaching at Harvard and for writing Principles of Psychology (1890), the first psychology textbook, a task that took him 12 years to complete. Mary Calkins, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president. Margaret Floy Washburn was the first female psychology Ph.D., the second female APA president, and a distinguished writer (The Animal Mind) James (1842-1910) Mary Whiton CalkinsandWilliam James Mary Calkins Margaret Floy Washburn

  4. Psychological Science Develops Those involved in the birth of psychology, dubbed “Magellans of the mind,” developed from more established fields. Many, like Wundt, were physiologists. Sigmund Freud, an Austrian physician, and his followers emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind and its effects on human behavior. This approach is known as psychoanalysis. Psychology originated in many disciplines and countries. It was, until the 1920s, defined as the science of mental life. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

  5. Psychological Science Develops Watson and later Skinner dismissed introspection and redefined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior” from the 1920s through the 1960s. The behaviorists emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. Behaviorists Both Watson and Skinner were influenced by classical conditioning which was discovered by Ivan Pavlov. Like the behaviorists, Pavlov had a distain for “mentalistic concepts” such as consciousness. Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936) John Watson (1878-1958) B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

  6. Psychological Science Develops The humanists thought behaviorism’s focus on learned behaviors was too mechanistic and that psychoanalysis focused too much on the meaning of childhood memories. Humanistic Psychology Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. http://facultyweb.cortland.edu http://www.carlrogers.dk Carl Rogers (1902-1987) Abraham Maslow (1908-1970)

  7. Psychological Science Develops In the 1960s, psychology went through a cognitive revolution where the focus returned to earlier ideas like the importance of how our mind processes and retains information. The new definition of psychology from this revolution was “the science of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings).” This revolution has continued to evolve (with technology) into multiple fields including cognitive neuroscience (the study of brain activity linked with mental activity). The Cognitive Revolution

  8. Psychology’s Three Main Levels of Analysis Today, psychology is analyzed using the biopsychosocial approach. Each of psychology’s perspectives is helpful, but each by itself fails to reveal the whole picture.

  9. Psychology’s Current Perspectives

  10. Psychology’s Current Perspectives

  11. Psychology’s Current Perspectives

  12. Psychology’s Subfields: Research

  13. Psychology’s Subfields: Research Data: APA 1997

  14. Psychology’s Subfields: Applied

  15. Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Data: APA 1997

  16. Clinical Psychology vs. Psychiatry A clinical psychologist (Ph.D.) studies, assesses, and treats troubled people with psychotherapy. Psychiatrists on the other hand are medical professionals (M.D.) who use treatments like drugs and psychotherapy to treat psychologically diseased patients.

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