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Unit 9 Early civilisations

Unit 9 Early civilisations. CIVILISATION is the set of ideas, sciences, arts, customs, beliefs,…, that characterise a human group, such as a people or nation. Around 6000 BC (Neolithic Age in Europe), various groups settled on the banks of the great rivers (Nile, Tigris and Euphrates).

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Unit 9 Early civilisations

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  1. Unit 9Early civilisations

  2. CIVILISATION is the set of ideas, sciences, arts, customs, beliefs,…, that characterise a human group, such as a people or nation.

  3. Around 6000 BC (Neolithic Age in Europe), various groups settled on the banks of the great rivers (Nile, Tigris and Euphrates). • These rivers sometimes overflowed and flooded the valleys. It left silt that fertilised the soil Abundant harvests Population growth. 1. The birth of the first civilisations

  4. There was sufficient food New skills: • Gold and silver smithing. • Pottery. New social groups. • Agricultural products were exchanged Trade and transport developed. • A system of government and public administration was created to organise the city and to distribute the harvest. • The government was formed by kings and priests. • Governments demanded that people paid taxes to construct monuments and finance the army. • Writing appeared in Mesopotamia and Egypt (around 3500 BC) to meet the needs of administration and commerce. It is the beginning of History. Economic and social changes Politicalchanges

  5. In Mesopotamia, people wrote on clay tablets that were then left to dry. They wrote with a sharp reed. This kind of writing is known as cuneiform, because the signs they wrote were composed of wedges (cuñas) In Egypt, people usually wrote on papyrus, using brushes and ink, or on stone, using a hammer and chisel. The writing, called hieroglyphics, represented word through pictures of figures, animals… Writing in Mesopotamia and Egypt

  6. The natural environment: Mesopotamia means ‘land between two rivers’: Tigris and Euphrates. It was an urban civilisation situated between the Persian Gulf, the Syrian Desert, the Taurus Mountains and the Zagros Mountains MESOPOTAMIA Upper Mesopotamia Lower Mesopotamia

  7. Timeline of mesopotamia

  8. AKKADIANS SUMERIANS ASSYRIANS BABYLONIANS

  9. 2. THE EVOLUTION OF MESOPOTAMIA

  10. 2. THE EVOLUTION OF MESOPOTAMIA

  11. HAMMURABI’S CODE • Hammurabi’s code is one of the earliest law codes we know about. It was engraved on a rock in Mesopotamia around 1800 BC. It is based on the law of retaliation (‘an eye for an eye), which established that the punishment should match the crime.

  12. People carried out various economic activities. Society was divided into different closed groups. (They couldn’t move from one group to another). 3. Life and culture in mesopotamia

  13. Agriculture: Crops were irrigated by river water thanks to a system of canals and dykes. • The staple diet: Cereals and vegetables. • Livestock: Cows, sheep, goats and asses. • Craftwork: Ceramics, making clothes, leatherwork. • Trade: Really important. They imported products (stone, wood, metals) and exported wool and cereals. 3.1. The economy

  14. The levels of society are: • The king: Was all-powerful, but was not considered a god. • The ruling caste: Priests, important public servants, important merchants, artisans and landowners. • Other free people: farmers, herdsmen, merchants and artisans. • Slaves. 3.2. society

  15. 3.2. Society

  16. Society was organised into cities with defensive walls. Houses were built around an inner courtyard. Women could participate in society, but laws were harsher for them

  17. They were polytheistic. They believed in life after death. They combined their religious beliefs with magic and divination. 3.3. religion

  18. Ziggurat: 3.5 Architecture and art

  19. Sculpture:

  20. The natural environment: Egypt is located in a large desert crossed by the River Nile, which flows from Lake Victoria to the Mediterranean Sea. In Ancient Times, the Nile overflowed its banks once a year, fertilising the surrounded land. The Egyptians worshipped the Nile like a god, because it was the source of life. It was also the main transport route. egypt

  21. Ancient Egypt was divided into two areas: • Lower Egypt (the delta). • Upper Egypt (the Nile River Valley) Around 3100 BC these two kingdoms were unified by King Menes It was the beginning of the Historic Egypt and the first dynasties of pharaohs appeared.

  22. 2. THE HISTORY OF EGYPT

  23. The economy was based on agriculture (mainly cereals and linen) and livestock (Cows). They also produced crafts (pottery, metalwork and jewellery) and traded with Mesopotamia, Greece,... 3. economy

  24. Egyptian society was divided into different groups, strictly separated: • The pharaoh and his family: He was considered to be both king and god and he held absolute power. • The ruling caste: Less powerful than the pharaoh: Priests, vizier, important public servants. • Other free people: Soldiers, craftsmen, farmers, foreigners. • The slaves: In the mines and in domestic duties. 4. society

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