the element of development administration, EDWARD W.WIEDNER

1. the element of development administration, EDWARD W.WIEDNER Prepared by AnangWitjaksono 0806 402 370 Hariyanti 0706 310 923

2. Conditions of development • Development with growth. • Development as system change. • Development for goal orientation, especially modernity or nation-building and socio-economic progress. • Development as planned change.

3. Three major facets of change to study of development administration • Change in the output of a system ( refer to the direction of greater of quantity) and change in the system itself. • Different goals or outputs of an administrative system, refer to modernity – urbanization, literacy or education, media production and consumption..income per capita, voting participation, modern means dynamic, concerned with the people, democratic and equalitarian, scientific etc. Nation-building aspects are national identity or solidarity, structuralization and participation. Socio economic progress- progress is the sustained and widely diffused improvement in material and social welfare. • Change in a particular direction, refer to unidirectional and the latter as reciprocical.

4. Sets of condition leading to development

5. the element of development administration • The Ideal: Planned Directional Growth with System Change..regular process in which plans for growth in the direction of modernity or nation building and socio- economic progress. Two major reason : 1. The ability of any political and administrative system to will directional growth and system change is set restricted 2. The ability of any administrative system to carry out a plan program of major change is severely limited. • The Short run Payoff: Planned Directional Growth with No System Change. Four circumstances are : • The leadership is not revolutionary and represents a balancing of forces, short-range results are appealing • Little technical assistance or foreign aid or assistance or aid is obtainable with major strings attached, planned directional growth witn no item is attractive. • The country’s leader is experiencing political trouble. • A demand to show result an emphaisi on consumption, the short-run payoff is frequent followed.

6. the element of development administration (continued) • The Long-run Payoff: Planned System Change with No Directional Growth. • Failure: Planning with No Growth or System Change. Several proposition relative to innovation are : • Less an innovation as a threat to the security employees or the personnel system • An innovator involve major systems tend to create resistance • Major changes in the administrative system agencies external will encounter extremely heavy resistance • Innovation short of government-wide change will be inherited to the extent central controls are present. • Pragmatism: Unplanned Directional Growth with No System Change..at first complete impossibility. • Crisis: Unplanned System Change with No Directional Growth..emergencies ; war, refugee problem, starvation, uncontrolled epidemics, floods etc • Static Society: No Plan, No Change

7. Conclusion Development administration, as apart of the policy science, could legitimately focus on some of the end result of the policies or goals of the political and administrative system, such as modernity or nation-building and socio-economic progress. The programs or innovation introduced in developing countries would then be classified among the principal independent variables, system changes possible intermediate dependent variables, and environmental or cultural factors intervening or intermediate dependent variables. These would be tendencies, and would not necessarily be true of every research project within development administration.