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HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS

HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS. DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS). ADENOHYPOPHYSIS RATHKE’S POUCH (P. DISTALIS (THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH) P. TUBERALIS P. INTERMEDIA) HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS DIVERTICULUM OF (including: DEVELOPING BRAIN

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HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS

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  1. HIPOTHALAMUS & HIPOFISIS

  2. DEVELOPMENT OF PITUITARY (HYPOPHYSIS) ADENOHYPOPHYSIS RATHKE’S POUCH (P. DISTALIS (THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH) P. TUBERALIS P. INTERMEDIA) HYPOPHYSIS (PITUITARY) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS DIVERTICULUM OF (including: DEVELOPING BRAIN NEURAL STALK P. NERVOSA) (Fig. 18.18)

  3. Fig 18.18

  4. THE HYPOTHALAMUS • IN THE FLOOR AND INFERIOR PARTS OF THE WALLS OF THIRD VENTRICLE • CONTAINS NEUROSECRETORY CELLS (ENDOCRINE FUNCTION): CLUSTERS OF NEUROSECRETORY CELLS/NUCLEI PRODUCE HORMONES (RF/IF, oxytocine, ADH/vasopressin) (RF: releasing factor; IF: inhibiting factor; ADH: antidiuretic hormone) (Fig. 18.5 & 18.6)

  5. Hypothalamus

  6. HYPOTHALAMUS - HYPOPHYSIS- TARGET GLAND HYPOTHALAMUS RF/IF OXYTOCINE/ADH ADENOHYPOPHYSIS NEUROHYPOPHYSIS TROPHIC HORMONES (OXYT./ADH) (TROPHINS) TARGET GLANDS HORMONES CELLS/TISSUES CELLS/TISSUES

  7. NEUROHYPOPHYSIS SUPRAOPTIC ADH NUCLEUS (+ OXYTOCIN) (SON) NEURO SECRETORY CELLS (hypothalamus) PARAVENTRICULAR OXYTOCIN NUCLEUS (PVN) (+ADH) (ADH: antidiuretic hormone/vasopressin) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

  8. NEUROSECRETION NEUROSECRETORY CELL (Activate) Substances in the blood CLUSTERS OF (glucose, peripheral hormones) NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN THE HYPOTHALAMUS • ARCUATE NUCLEUS (ARC) (Transported) RF/IF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS TROPHIC HORMONES Stored (in vesicles) • SUPRAOPTIC NUCLEUS (SON) ADH (+OXYTOCIN) Released NEUROHYPOPHYSIS (into extracellular space) • PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEUS (PVN) Capillaries (fenestrated, plexus) OXYTOCIN (+ ADH) (veins) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS Blood TARGET CELLS HORMONE SYNTHESIZED

  9. PVN/SON OXYTOCIN PVN/SONNERVE (Distention of the uterus during labour/delivery OX/ADH Suckling the nipple by the baby) NEUROHYPOPHYSIS PREGNANT UTERUS ONSET OF LABOUR BREAST (MAMMILLARY GLAND) MILK LETDOWN (smooth muscle/myoepithelium) O X Y T O C I N (octapeptide)

  10. STRENOUS WORK INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES TARGET CELLS VASOPRESSIN (ADH) SON/PVN (octapeptide) (OSMORECEPTOR) COLLECTING TUBULES INCREASED OSMOTIC PRESSURE (kidney) OF THE BLOOD (Haemoconcentration) INCREASED REABSORPTION OF WATER CONCENTRATED URINE (in attempt to retain water) RF/IF ADENOHYPOPHYSIS Primary plexus (cords/clumps of endocrine cells) Hypothalamohypophyseal portal system Trophic hormone (Trophin TARGET GLAND TARGET CELLS/TISSUES STRENOUS WORK (in a hot environment) HYPOTHALAMUS (ARC) (RF/IF) HORMONE

  11. ALDOSTERON & REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE • THE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM THAT REGULATES THE SECRETION OF ALDOSTERON AND CONTROLS BLOOD PRESSURE BLOOD VOL. INCREASES TO NORMAL START BLOOD VOL. DECREASES BLOODPRESS. INCREASES TO NORMAL BLOOD PRESSURE DECREASES KIDNEYRELEASES RENIN INTO BLOODSTREAM SODIUM & WATER REABSORPTION INCREASE BLOOD VOL. IN ASSOCIATION WITH INCREASED INGESTION OF SALT & WATER RENIN CONVERTS ANGIOTENSINOGEN INTO ANGIOTENSIN I (AI) KIDNEY: INCREASE REABSORPTION OF WATER (WATER RETENTION) AI PASSES THROUGH LUNGS, IS CONVERTED INTO AII AII CIRCULATES IN BLOODSTREAM STIMULATES ZONA GRANULOSA OF ADRENAL GLAND TO RELEASE ALDOSTERONE; AII ALSO ACTS AS VASOCONSTRICTOR

  12. Oxytocin GH ADH TSH Prolactin Gonadotropins: LH, FSH ACTH

  13. FIG 13-4

  14. ADENOHYPOPHYSIS TROPHIC HORMONES HORMONES ACTING DIRECTLY (TROPHINS) ON PERIPHERAL TISSUES Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Growth Hormone (GH)/Somatostrophin) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (Luteotrophic Hormone/LTH) Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) PARS INTERMEDIA Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) Pigment formation

  15. HYPOTHALAMUS • Menggabungkan fungsi-fungsi yang memelihara homeostasis kimia dan suhu • Berfungsi bersama dengan sistem limbik • Mengendalikan keluarnya hormon-hormon dari pituitari anterior dan posterior

  16. Figure 11-3: Autonomic control centers in the brain

  17. HYPOTHALAMUS Mensintesis dan melepaskan hormon-hormon hypophysiotropic : • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) • Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) • Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) • Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GHIH) • Prolactin-releasing factor (PRF) • Prolactin-inhibitn hormone (PIH)

  18. HYPOTHALAMUS • Mensintesis hormon-hormon hypophysiotropic dalam badan sel neuron yang berlokasi dalam hypothalamus • Membawa hormon turun melalui akson dan tersimpan dalam akhir syaraf (nerve endings) • Mensekresi hormon-hormon dalam nadi/denyutan (pulses)

  19. HYPOTHALAMUS: Mensekresi Hormon Hypophysiotropic • Dipengaruhi oleh emosi • Dapat dipengaruhi oleh status metabolik setiap individu • Dihantarkan ke pituitari anterior melalui sistem portal hypothalamic-hypophyseal • Biasa memulai tahapan/urutan 3 hormon

  20. Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes Figure 7-14: Negative feedback loops in the hypothalamicanterior pituitary pathway

  21. Negative Feedback Controls: Long & Short Loop Reflexes Figure 7-15: Control pathway for cortisol secretion

  22. Endocrine Control: Three Levels of Integration Figure 7-13: Hormones of the hypothalamic-anterior pituitary pathway

  23. ANTERIOR PITUITARY MENSEKRESI HORMON-HORMON TROPIC SECARA PULSATILE

  24. ANTERIOR PITUITARY

  25. ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES Growth Hormone (GH, Somatotropin): hormon utama yang bertanggung jawab terhadap pengaturan pertumbuhan tubuh, dan penting dalam metabolisme Thyroid-stimulating Hormone (TSH): menstimulasi sekresi hormon thyroid & pertumbuhan kelenjar thyroid Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH): menstimulasi sekresi kortisol oleh korteks adrenal & memacu pertumbuhan korteks adrenal

  26. ANTERIOR PITUITARY Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH):Wanita: menstimulasi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan folikel ovarium, memacu sekresi estrogen oleh ovarium. Pria: dibutuhkan untuk produksi sperma Luteinizing Hormone (LH):Wanita: bertanggung jawab untuk ovulasi, pembentukan corpus luteum dalam ovarium, dan pengaturan sekresi ovarium pada hormon seks wanita. Pria: menstimulasi sel dalam testes untuk mensekresi testosterone Prolactin:Wanita: menstimulasi perkembangan payudara dan produksi susu. Pria: berperan dalam fungsi testicular

  27. ANTERIOR PITUITARY Mensintesis berbagai hormon pituitari anterior pituitary oleh berbagai macam populasi sel. Corticotropes - ACTH Lactortropes - Prolactin Somatotropes - GH Thyrotropes - Thyrotropin Gonadotropes - FSH, LH

  28. Pengaturan Endokrin: Three Levels of Integration • Stimulasi Hypothalamic – dari CNS • Stimulasi Pituitary–dari hypothalamic trophic Hs • Stimulasi kelenjar Endocrine –dari pituitary trophic Hs

  29. Pathologies: Over or Under Production Figure 7-19: Negative feedback by exogenous cortisol

  30. Pathologies: Due to Receptors Figure 7-20: Primary and secondary hypersecretion of cortisol

  31. POSTERIOR PITUITARY Terdiri atas akhiran akson dari badan sel dalam hypothalamus (supraoptic dan paraventricular) Axons melintas dari hypothalamus menuju ke posterior pituitary melalui traktus hypothalamohypophysial Hormon-hormon Posterior pituitary disintesis dalam badan sel dalam neuron dalam nukleus supraoptic dan paraventricular

  32. POSTERIOR PITUITARY Hormon-hormon yang disintesis dalam hypothalamus ditransportasi turun sepanjang akson menuju ke akhiran pada posterior pituitary Hormon-hormon disimpan dalam vesikel-vesikel dalam posterior pituitary sampai dengan dilepaskan ke dalam sirkulasi Principal Hormones: Vasopressin & Oxytocin

  33. Figure 7-12: Synthesis, storage, and release of posterior pituitary hormones

  34. POSTERIOR PITUITARY Oxytocin: Disintesis sebagai hormon prekursor: prepro-oxyphysin Bekerja utamanya pada payudara dan uterus Meningkatkan kontraksi otot polos Vas Deferens

  35. POSTERIOR PITUITARY Vasopressin Osmolalitas plasma dimonitor oleh osmoreceptors dalam hipothalamus Peningkatan osmolalitas plasma menstimulasi sekresi vasopressin Perubahan sedikit saja di atas tekanan osmotik plasma normal ( 285 mosm/kg) menstimulasi dilepaskannya vasopressin

  36. POSTERIOR PITUITARY Sekresi vasopressin juga distimulasi oleh: 1. Penurunan volume darah yang banyak 2. Penurunan tekanan darah

  37. POSTERIOR PITUITARY Kerja Vasopression : Menurunkan ekskresi air oleh ginjal (V2 receptors) Constricts blood vessels (V1 receptors) Meningkatkan hormon adrenocorticortropin (V1B receptors)

  38. Summary of the Endocrine System Figure 7-2-3: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones

  39. Summary of the Endocrine System Figure 7-2-2: ANATOMY SUMMARY: Hormones

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