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Introduction to Mass Media CMST 102

Introduction to Mass Media CMST 102. Chapter 3. Newspapers: The Rise and Fall of Modern Journalism. The evolution of newspapers as a mass medium parallels changes in American society. We can chart newspapers through the 3 stages: development, entrepreneurship, mass medium.

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Introduction to Mass Media CMST 102

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  1. Introduction to Mass MediaCMST 102 Chapter 3

  2. Newspapers: The Rise and Fall of Modern Journalism • The evolution of newspapers as a mass medium parallels changes in American society. • We can chart newspapers through the 3 stages: development, entrepreneurship, mass medium.

  3. Colonial Publishing • 1690: Publick Occurrences: First paper published in American colonies. • Colonial newspapers subject to British censorship. • Papers were highly partisan.

  4. Innovation • After Public Occurrences was banned, other papers cropped up including Benjamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette, which made money by printing advertising.

  5. The New York Weekly Journal • Founded in 1733 by the Popular Party, the journal attacked British rule. John Peter Zenger was arrested for seditious libel but was later found not guilty. • Major turning point for freedom of the press.

  6. Early American Newspapers • Were for elites • Published by political parties • Focused on opinion, not news • Expensive, had small circulation • Represents the development stage

  7. Penny Press Revolution • Benjamin Day’s idea: The New York Sun—“It shines for all.” • Sold on the street for one or two cents. • Supported primarily by advertising. • First papers to focus on “news.” • Human Interest stories. • Represents the entrepreneurial stage.

  8. Papers become a Mass Medium • Rapidly growing number of papers. • Growing number of people working for wages. • The United States transforming from rural to urban society. • Spurred growth in literacy rates • People acquire the news “habit.” Penny Papers • Wire Services greatly aided in ability to receive and send news.

  9. Newspaper WarsHearst vs. Pulitzer • Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World • Creation of the front page • Created headlines with news targeting immigrants and women • Stunt journalism

  10. Newspaper Wars Hearst vs. Pulitzer Joseph Pulitzer's New York World was aimed at immigrants, women, labor, and railed against big business.

  11. William Randolph Hearst • Hearst’s New York Journal pushed the envelop to gain readership through yellow journalism. • It popularized comics, including the Yellow Kid, and sensationalistic stories. Tabloid journalism as we know it today.

  12. Objectivity in Modern Journalism • By 1896, the New York Times reinvented news by covering the "facts" on the front page and including editorials in its papers. • Sensationalism was downplayed • The idea was you could sell more papers that way.

  13. Different forms of journalism emerged • Investigative covered complex national & global developments to help readers understand what was going on. • Literary or "new journalism" used fictional techniques to tell the story.

  14. Journalism in the Technology Age • USA Today was the first daily newspaper to use color to mimic TV • Online Journalism • Instead of buying a paper, readers "log on" to a website, or aggregator to get their news.

  15. Categorizing News & U.S. Newspapers • Small local papers: Focus on consensus • Regional & National: Focus on Conflict • Ethnic & Minority Newspapers • African American • Spanish Language • Asian American • Native American • Arab America

  16. The Underground Press Examples

  17. The Economics of Newspapers • The newspaper business is in a state of flux today. • Challenges include TV, more recently, the overall economy, & the Internet. • Papers have gone bankrupt. • The survivors have down-sized, cut staff, & tried to survive on-line.

  18. Money In Advertising http://cdn.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/fccasksdomed.jpg

  19. Money Out • Salaries & Wages /Wire Services & Feature Syndication

  20. Challenges Facing Newspapers • Declining Readership • Decreasing Competition • Joint Operating Agreements • Newspaper Chains • Going Digital • Blogs • Citizen Journalism

  21. Newspapers in a Democratic Society • What will happen to American traditions if newspapers disappear. • Decline of readership has led to the loss of newspaper revenue. • Will technology undermine the traditions established by our country’s earliest and most enduring institution?

  22. Page One Inside the New York Times • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwTMFXgf95c

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