Les temps de Bordeaux

1. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Les temps de Bordeaux The Bordeaux Times Weather Versailles shocked Louis XVI and his court are shocked by the disorder in Paris. Bordeaux - 82° 57° Marseille - 88° 66° The Queen receives death threats and hundreds of Parisian women criticise her role, actions and life at Versailles. Bastille is stormed! Paris in chaos! A month has passed since Bastille and France is still feeling the effects. All over the country peasants are rising against the nobility and denouncing the king. Meanwhile both England and the Netherlands watch with cautious eyes - what are they planning to do? Paris - 85° 64°

2. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Who’s to blame? Who’s fault is this? Possible candidates Useless Versailles Deplorable Finance Reasonable Doubt The issues of finance and taxation is another major factor. Ever since Louis inherited the throne, France has been experiencing ongoing financial crisis. The loss of Louisiana and New France and the costs of war with Austria only added on to the expenses. Taxation is virtually the Third Estate, who demand reforms or else threaten violence. There is a new proposal that will included a consistent land tax, which would include taxation of the nobility and clergy. However this under heavy opposition from the nobility. Versailles had always been a playground for the rich, but has all that playing made them lazy? Louis XVI seems rather reluctant to participate in state affairs and is more include to partake in the hunting of foxes. Marie Antoinette, the Queen is no better than her husband. Reportedly, she is spending most of her time playing cards instead of influencing Louis to be more active in France’s affairs. Arguably, Versailles and France appear to be living in two very different worlds. One notable influence to the disorder is that of the Enlightment’s ideals. A growing number of the French citizenry had absorbed the ideas of "equality" and "freedom of the individual" as presented by Voltaire, Denis Diderot, Turgot, and other philosophers and social theorists of the Enlightenment. The American Revolution demonstrated that it was plausible for Enlightenment ideas about how a government should be organised could actually be put into practice.

3. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Letter to the Editor Your opinions, your concerns Dear editor, It has recently come to my attention that a portion of the information provided in your wanted ads section is false. I had an employee stop by to sell an item that my business was no longer in need of at the "Sell Here for Top Dollar" tent that is advertized in the wanted ads section of your newspaper. The advertisement offered "fair payment" for valuables but when my employee went in to cash the item, the clerk offered him half of the item's worth! I am very disappointed in the job that you are doing as editor of this newspaper. Check your information before you release it or there will be trouble! Signed, A very unhappy customer Phillipe Mercier, our edition in chief.

4. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Leading Personalities France’s most influential Louis XVI Marie-Antoinette Georges Jacques Danton Maximilien Robespierre Our beloved king, who is currently in trouble with the people. What will happen to him? Our beautiful queen who is a bit unpopular and leading us in to debit. The enlightened philosopher whose writings are becoming popular to the common folk. The Philosopher Jacques-Pierre Brissot Marquis de Lafayette Members of the New Order Voltaire

5. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Wanted Ads Advertising for the working Frenchman Bakers Wanted! Any worker with professional baking experience is needed! Do your share for the people of France. During this time, we need to ensure that a source of food will be available for all. Help us in our efforts to be able to provide bread and other goods to hungry people! Sign up to claim your job in one of our offices located in your nearest market place. Thank you for your support! Do you need extra money? Think you have something of value to sell for payment? Stop by our "Sell Here for Top Dollar" station in the market square and receive fair payment for your unneeded valuables!

6. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Flight to Varennes Louis’s failed escape Louis XVI was increasingly dismayed by the direction of the revolution. His brother, the Comte d'Artois and his queen, Marie Antoinette, urged a stronger stance against the revolution and support for the émigrés, while he was resistant to any course that would see him openly side with foreign powers against the Assembly. Eventually, fearing for his own safety and that of his family, he decided to flee Paris to the Austrian border, having been assured of the loyalty of the border garrisons. Louis cast his lot with General Bouillé, who condemned both the emigration and the Assembly, and promised him refuge and support in his camp at Montmédy. On the night of 20 June 1791, the royal family fled the Tuileries Palace dressed as servants, while their servants dressed as nobles. However, late the next day, the King was recognised and arrested at Varennes (in the Meuse département). He and his family were brought back to Paris under guard, still dressed as servants. Pétion, Latour-Maubourg, and Antoine Pierre Joseph Marie Barnave, representing the Assembly, met the royal family at Épernay and returned with them. From this time, Barnave became a counselor and supporter of the royal family. When they returned to Paris, the crowd greeted them in silence. The Assembly provisionally suspended the King. He and Queen Marie Antoinette remained held under guard.

7. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Advice Column Advice from Madame Alexandra Dear Madame Alexandra, I am a mother of three boys and never experienced such struggle or hunger. My husband is out all day as a construction worker trying to raise money for bread. My boys are always hungry and I cannot look at the pain of hunger in their eyes any longer. My boys and I need to survive and this starvation will not stop us. But it feels like they cannot go any further. What can I do to give them one last hope or encouragement to get them through this hunger? Sincerely, A Worried Mother Dear Worried Mother, I am very sorry to hear about what’s going on in your situation. This is a very complex and traumatizing state for your boys but you, as a mother, can handle this. Young boys tend to be influenced by what their parents say or do. So if you have the will power to go through this, then there is a high possibility that they will do the same. If that doesn’t help, give them encouraging words involving their father returning home, or just simple motivation. Do not give up on your kids, and they will not give up on you. Hope this helped. Sincerely, Madame Alexandra Madame Alexandra

8. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 The Great Fear Panic strikes the countryside The Great Fear during the French Revolution was a period of paranoia in the countryside. Peasants expected, yet feared, a monarchical and aristocratic counterrevolution. When they heard certain rumors that the king's armies were on their way over and that Austrians and Prussians were invading, terrified peasants and villagers organized militias. Others attacked and burned manor houses, sometimes to look for grain but usually to find and destroy records of the due dates of land-payments. This great fear stirred up this confusion in the rural areas. When such news reached Paris, the deputies at Versailles believed that the administration of rural France had collapsed. Manors all around the Seine are reportedly being besieged by angry and violent peasants. The panic was caused by rumours of an apparent invasion by Prussia and the Habsburg Monarchy. Widespread looting has occurred in Bordeaux, Marseilles, and Paris. Hundreds of Parisian women armed themselves with pitchforks, scythes, knives, and marched straight to Versailles demanding bread from the king and queen.

9. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Sports Today’s current events and matches  Tennis The south vs. The Northeast of France game match was a real eye opener. It ended with the winning title going to The Northeast. The next tennis match will be April 27th, 1740. This may be the last tennis match before the Revolution. Come and support your fellow teams! Fencing The next fencing match will be April 25th, 1740. Please be there to support your fellow contenders!

10. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 The Tennis Court Oath An era ends The Third Estate of France, met in Versailles recently in response to King Louis XVI’s order for the Third estate to disperse. The defiant act by the Third Estate to gather at an indoor tennis court under the terms that they would not disperse until a constitution was written for France is now being called the Tennis Court Oath. When King Louis XVI heard about the oath, he called a meeting with all three orders present. When the meeting came to a close, the Third Estate was ordered to disperse but they refused “unless forced to do so by bayonets”. As King Louis did not want to use force, he ordered the second and third estates to join the new National Assembly, giving the Third Estate what they had hoped to gain.

11. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Napoleon’s Rise France at his expense Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica in 1769. His family had received French nobility status when France made Corsica a province in that year, and Napoleon was sent to France in 1777 to study at the Royal Military School in Brienne. In 1784, Napoleon spent a year studying at the Ecole Militaire in Paris, graduating as a Second Lieutenant of artillery. Sent to Valence on a peacetime mission, Napoleon whiled away the hours there educating himself in history and geography. During the tumultuous years of the French Revolution, Napoleon fought well for the Republic, helping to defeat the British at Toulon. For his services there, he was made a Brigadier General. After the Directory came to power, Napoleon married Josephine de Beauharnais and gained command of the French army in Italy, where, after defeating the Austrians in 1797, he negotiated the Treaty of Campo Formio. This victory boosted Napoleon to widespread popularity when he returned to France As First Consul, Napoleon began a program to consolidate his power. He ended the current rift between France and the Church by instituting the Concordat of 1801. France was then involved in several wars. In 1802, Napoleon signed the Peace of Amiens, a temporary peace with the British. In order to be able to concentrate solely on his European affairs, he sold France's Louisiana territory to the U.S. in 1803. And in 1804, he set the foundation for much of Europe's legal system by establishing the Napoleonic Code. In 1804, Napoleon did away with the Consulate and crowned himself Emperor in an extravagant coronation ceremony.

12. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Napoleon & the Catholic Church How to deal with religious populace When Napoleon Bonaparte returned to France in 1799, he made use of his past experiences with religion to gain support from the Catholic majority in France that had been disillusioned by revolutionary excesses. After Pope Pius died in August 29th, 1799, Napoleon was quick to make admends with the Catholic Church. The Concordat of 1801 is a reflection of an agreement between Napoleon Bonaparte and Pope Pius VII that reaffirmed the Roman Catholic Church as the majority church of France and restored some of its civil status. While the Concordat restored some ties to the papacy, it was largely in favor of the state; the balance of church-state relations had tilted firmly in Napoleon Bonaparte's favour. As a part of the Concordat, he presented another set of laws called the Organic Articles. Pope Pius VI Pius VII with Cardinal Caprara.

13. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 The Scientific Revolution The Age of Reason & Doubt Although much of the 17th century European experience was one of inflation, wars of religion and religious persecution, civil wars, and foreign invasion, the century was also marked by the appearance of a new species of philosopher. The natural philosophers, or scientists, of the 17th century had an immense task at hand. That task was nothing less than creating a new knowledge based on the observation of the world of Nature. Their observations were justified by mathematical proof, and all of this within a world which God had created but left to man to discover. A new world view emerged from this age -- mechanistic and materialistic -- a scientific world view which shapes our view of the cosmos today. This Scientific Revolution, as it has been called, did not appear in a vacuum. Building on centuries of scientific endeavor, the new scientific revolutionaries -- men like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, Boyle and Newton -- knew they were "standing on the shoulders of giants." They also understood the ramifications of their discoveries. Indeed, one of the hallmarks of this revolution of science was the increasing speed at which scientific discovery was put into action in the practical sphere. The essence of modern technology was born in the spirit of the 17th century natural philosopher. Of course, the Church found the New Science at odds with its theology and in the early 17th century Galileo was brought to trial for teaching Copernican theory. He was tried as a heretic and found guilty. At his trial he recanted all of his opinions in a display that emphasized the correctness of the Church and the errors of the New Science. The revolution in science had to find a new home and it did in northern Europe, especially England, the Low Countries, Germany and France. There, it seemed, the spirit of philosophical and scientific enquiry was less restricted and more favorable to its growth. And there we find Leibniz, Descartes, Bacon and Isaac Newton.

14. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 The Continental System A fair balance Recently, on the 21st of November 1806, the Continental System was put in place by the great leader Napoleon I of France. The Continental System is the foreign policy of France which has been issued as an attempt to stunt the trade economy of Britain. The plan is to blockade Britain's trading ports in Europe, thus denying them the ability to fund our enemies on the mainland. If the system is successful, Britain's economy will be in ruins, the funding to our enemies will stop and the war will be won.

15. Édition du mardi, 23 Août 1789 Nationalism Napoleon’s rise and downfall The term “nationalism” is generally used to describe two phenomena: (1) the attitude that the members of a nation have when they care about their national identity, and (2) the actions that the members of a nation take when seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination. (1) raises questions about the concept of a nation (or national identity), which is often defined in terms of common origin, ethnicity, or cultural ties, and while an individual's membership in a nation is often regarded as involuntary, it is sometimes regarded as voluntary. (2) raises questions about whether self-determination must be understood as involving having full statehood with complete authority over domestic and international affairs, or whether something less is required. Nationalism played a big part in Napoleon’s rise. He emphasised greatly on French nationalism and France’s right to an empire. However, nationalism also played role to his downfall. Conquered territories expressed independence for their own nationality. Napoleonic Europe in 1812

16. Sources • "Avalon Project - Declaration of the Rights of Man - 1789." Avalon Project - Documents in Law, History, and Diplomacy. Lillian Goldman Law Library, July 1996. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • "Napoleon Bonaparte (1769 - 1821)." BBC News. BBC, 2012. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Brainard, Jennifer. "HistoryWiz: The French Revolution." HistoryWiz. N.p., 1999. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Image of Louis XVI, "Louis XVI Biography." Bastille Day. N.p., 19 May 2005. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Censer, Jack R., and Lynn Hunt. "Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution, With 12 Topical Essays, 250 Images, 350 Text Documents, 13 Songs, 13 Maps, a Timeline, and a Glossary." Liberty, Equality, Fraternity: Exploring the French Revolution. American Social History Productions, Inc., 23 Apr. 2001. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • "Continental System, 1806-1810." Continental System, 1806-1810. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Hatch, Robert A. "The Scientific Revolution." Scientific Revolution. N.p., 2004. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Moore, Richard. "Napoleon Bonaparte : Napoleonic : Napoleon : Bonaparte : Wars : Napoleon I : Napoleonic History : Military : Napoleonic Era : Battles : Naval : Armies : Uniforms :." Napoleon Bonaparte. Richard Moore, 1999. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • "Empires - Napoleon." PBS. PBS, 2008. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Image of Voltaire and information, "Voltaire | Author and Philosopher." Lucidcafe. Robin Chew, Oct. 1995. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. • Wolfson, Ben. "Nationalism." (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy). NenadMiscevic, 2010. Web. 17 Dec. 2012.

17. Reporters