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Fishery Management

Fishery Management. Fishing is extractive Removes choices organisms - “ fine-ing ” Changes food web structure The human condition provides little incentive to maintain “ sustainable stocks ” Need way to control ourselves….

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Fishery Management

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  1. Fishery Management • Fishing is extractive • Removes choices organisms - “fine-ing” • Changes food web structure • The human condition provides little incentive to maintain “sustainable stocks” • Need way to control ourselves…

  2. Fisheries by Their Nature are Extractive; They Alter the Natural Environment anthropogenic effect

  3. The objective of fisheries management isto achieve a high level of sustainable yield Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) BMSY? no fish no fishing

  4. Under exploitation, natural populations decline in abundance to a new equilibrium

  5. The objective of fisheries management isto achieve a high level of sustainable yield Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY) BMSY? no fish no fishing

  6. A Bioeconomic MSY

  7. A Bioeconomic MSY • Considering costs lowers sustainable yields • MEY < MSY

  8. Fish Management • Objectives are to maintain sustainable maximum yields (or revenues) • Harvest costs are sometimes considered (especially related to new regulation) • Conservation is not (often) considered • Nor are food webs (management is single species) • Hard part is to figure out the proper harvest effort that produces a MSY

  9. The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA) as Amended in 1996 “The policy of the Congress in this Act is to assure that the national fishery conservation and management program utilizes, and is based upon, the best available scientific information…” 16 U.S.C. 1801 M-S Act, Section 2, 101-627, 104-297

  10. Recent Developments • The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 was re-authorized by Congress in 1996 and was implemented nationally in 1997. Reauthorized this year. • 2003 legislation requires Fishery Management Councils nationwide to establish biomass-based targets and thresholds for all actively managed stocks

  11. Recent Developments • On January 12, 2007, President Bush signed the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Reauthorization Act of 2006. • Mandates the use of annual catch limits & accountability measures to end overfishing • Provides for market-based fishery management through limited access, bycatch restrictions, improved role of science & calls for increased international cooperation. • http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/msa2007/

  12. What is the Pacific Fishery Management Council? PFMC Region • Responsible for California, Oregon, and Washington EEZ waters (FEDERAL!!) • Established with implementation of original MSFCMA of 1976 • Draft Fishery Management Plans including salmon, highly migratory, groundfish, and coastal pelagics. • Nearshore species - State F&G • All regulations are ultimately approved by National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS)

  13. Who & Where of Fishery Management State waters < 3 nmi Fed waters > 3 but < 200 nmi (EEZ)

  14. Complete Marine Protected Area Network For the Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary Final Network of MPAs, Oct 2007

  15. What is the process for regulating fishery harvests at the PFMC? Stock Assessment Team Pacific Fishery Management Council “Wall of Science” This is now a three meeting process, with a five month notice and comment period, to be conducted once every 2 years!! Socioeconomic, Allocation, and Other Issues science review Stock Assessment Harvest Policy Exploitable Biomass Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) Promulgate Regulations Optimum Yield (OY) OY < ABC Process must be transparent for all parties

  16. Stock assessments form the basis of all fishery management Landings by Gear Type 1. commercial 2. recreational Age/Length Compositions 1. commercial 2. recreational Life History Information growth, maturity, etc. Stock Assessment (statistical model) Fishery Independent Surveys (shelf & slope trawl surveys, etc.) Fishery Dependent Information (logbook data, discards, etc.) Biomass and Recruitment Science Review Harvest Policy Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) Optimum Yield (OY)

  17. Fish Management • Instruments for setting Optimum Yield Harvest quotas, trip limits, limited entry, seasons, taxes on landings, ITQ’s, MPA’s, … • Each has advantages • Each requires knowledge of “excess” fishery production

  18. Fish Recruitment • Recruits are fish at harvestable age/size Reproductive Adults Harvest Eggs/Larvae Harvestable Size/Age Juveniles Recruitment Immature Adults

  19. Curvature in the spawner-recruit curve controls fishery productivity

  20. Some Real “Data” “Noise” makes “steepness” difficult to measure

  21. Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine • FMP needed to regulate all fisheries • Gives the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) • Components include: stock biomass, recruitment, egg production, size/age structure, spatial extent, SST, … • Fishery dependent & independent data

  22. Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine • A coastal species that forms large schools • Feed on zooplankton & large phytoplankton • Oviparous, with pelagic eggs, and pelagic larvae • Matures in ~2 years & Can live up to 25 years • Population doubling time 1.4 to 4.4 years • Up to 16” long (mature at ~9”) • Northward migrations early in summer & south in autumn

  23. Chavez et al. [2003] paper in readings

  24. Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine

  25. Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine • FMP needed to regulate all fisheries • Gives the Allowable Biological Catch (ABC) • Components include: stock biomass, recruitment, egg production, size/age structure, spatial extent, SST, … • Fishery dependent & independent data

  26. Pacific Sardine Egg Production

  27. Relative abundance of sardine eggs in CalCoFI larval tows

  28. Spawning Biomass from Egg Obs

  29. Sardine Stock Area from Surveys

  30. Abundance of Pre-Adults

  31. Scripps Pier SST

  32. Biomass of >1y Sardines • These data were used with an age-structured stock assessment model to predict stock biomass & recruitment

  33. Recruitment of Sardines • These data were used with an age-structured stock assessment model to predict stock biomass & recruitment

  34. Harvest Policy for Pacific Sardines • U.S. harvest guideline for 2003 • Harvest = (TOTAL_STOCK_BIOMASS - CUTOFF) * FRACTION * US_DISTRIBUTION • CUTOFF = minimal allowable biomass with harvest • FRACTION = 5 to 15% depends on SST (f(PP)!!!) • US_DISTRIBUTION = fraction total harvest in U.S. EEZ

  35. Biomass of >1y Sardines

  36. Pacific Sardine Quotas &Landings

  37. Pacific Sardine Landings

  38. Fishery Management Plan for Pacific Sardine • Harvest guidelines require estimates of stock biomass & recruitment • Components include: stock biomass, recruitment, egg production, size/age structure, spatial extent, SST, … • Fishery dependent & independent data are used

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