Leanna Stiefel New York University Ross Rubenstein Syracuse University Amy Ellen Schwartz

1. From Districts To Schools: The Distribution Of ResourcesAcross Schools In Big City School Districts Leanna Stiefel New York University Ross Rubenstein Syracuse University Amy Ellen Schwartz New York University Presentation for the Education Finance Research Consortium March 2004

2. Guiding Questions • What do we know about intradistrict resource allocation and school based finance? • What is • What should be • What can we learn from new evidence: New York City, Cleveland and Columbus, Ohio? • What are the policy options for New York City and New York State?

3. Research on School-Level Resource Distribution • Inter-district distributions hide substantial variations across schools • Distribution of teacher resources often penalizes “high need” schools • More teachers with less experience and education at high poverty, low performing schools

4. Research on School-level Resource Distribution • Disparities may result from teacher distribution policies • e.g., seniority transfer rights • Relatively little is known about how large districts do (or should) distribute resources to school sites

5. De Facto Spending Models: NYC, Columbus and Cleveland Schools • What are they? • Dependent variables (NYC): • Total expenditures per pupil • Direct classroom expenditures per-pupil • Teachers per 1,000 pupils • Percentage of teachers who are licensed • Percentage of teachers who hold MA degrees • Teacher salary • Independent variables (NYC): • Student characteristics (free lunch, LEP, immigrant, special ed) • Student performance (pct. Level 1, English language assessment) • School size

6. NYC Results • More poor pupils more money, more teachers per pupil, but less educated, lower-paid, less likely to be licensed • More special ed pupils more funds and teachers, but less educated, lower-paid, less likely to be licensed • Different pattern for resource room

7. NYC Results • Lower performing students more teachers, but lower qualifications • Less consistent than poverty • As school size increases, spending per pupil and teacher-pupil ratio decrease • Complex relationship between school size and teacher characteristics, depending on enrollment and school level

8. Ohio Results • Higher poverty more funds but lower teacher qualifications and salaries • Higher performance generally higher spending, higher salaries • Complex relationship between school size and resources

9. Across The Districts • New York City has unique features, but some common patterns emerge • Higher poverty schools generally receive more funds • Teachers in high poverty schools tend to have less education, lower salaries

10. Policy Options • Provide schools with budgets in dollars rather than positions • Force trade-offs between teacher characteristics and staffing ratios • Make disparities more transparent • Adverse effect on experienced teachers? • Differential pay in hard-to-staff subjects, schools and grades • Could help to address the undersupply of teachers in certain areas • How much would differential need to be?

11. Policy Options • Adopt “weighted” student-based funding formula with dollars following students • Cost factors generate additional funding over base • Schools receive “student budget” • Difficulty determining weights – base on empirical results? • Adapt district-based funding formulae, such as Regents proposal, to the school-level • Could be coupled with new discretion for schools • Could recognize “economies of scale” from serving multiple students with similar needs