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History of I-O Psychology

History of I-O Psychology. History of I/O Psychology. Forces that influenced the birth of I/O psychology [The Early Years (1900-1916)]: Pragmatic nature of basic psychological research Skills of telegraphers (Bryan) Desire of industrial engineers to improve efficiency

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History of I-O Psychology

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  1. History of I-O Psychology

  2. History of I/O Psychology • Forces that influenced the birth of I/O psychology [The Early Years (1900-1916)]: • Pragmatic nature of basic psychological research • Skills of telegraphers (Bryan) • Desire of industrial engineers to improve efficiency • Time and motion studies (Gilbreth)

  3. Three father figures and one mother figure…. Leading Figures in I/O Psychology

  4. 1) Lillian Gilbreth (1878-1972) • Trained as an engineer • Mother of modern management • In 1908, made a statement about the need to consider human workers, as they were the most important element in industry

  5. 2) Walter Dill Scott (1869 - 1955) • PhD at Leipzig, Germany • Northwestern U. Professor • Applied psychology to Advertising • WWI: Instrumental in application of personnel procedures in army. • First Industrial or Business psychologist • One of fathers of I/O psychology

  6. 3) Frederick W. Taylor (1865-1915) • Trained as an engineer • Invented Scientific Management • One of the fathers of I/O psychology

  7. Frederick W. Taylor Scientific Management • Scientifically design work methods for efficiency • Select the best workers and train in new methods • Train workers in “one best way” • Reward them for the “one best way”

  8. Frederick Taylor • Pig iron experiments: • - Taylor showed that workers who handled heavy iron ingots could be more productive if they had rest – increased efficiency of work. • As a consequence – it was charged that Taylor exploited workers • Book: The Principles of Scientific Management (1911)

  9. Applying Scientific Management

  10. 4) Hugo Münsterberg (1863-1916) • Studied in Leipzig, Germany • Harvard Psychology Professor • Employee testing and validation • Eyewitness testimony • One of fathers of I/O Psychology

  11. Hugo Munsterberg Boston Trolley Car Studies

  12. Hugo Munsterberg Psychology and Industrial Efficiency (1913)

  13. World War I defined it. World War II refined it. Two Major Wars Shaped I/O Psychology

  14. WW I (1917-1918) WWI: Testing and Selection • Yerkes – most influential in involving psychologists in war. • Assessment of recruits: Army Alpha & Army Beta • Scott was researching how to place soldiers in jobs • Journal of Applied Psychology began

  15. Between the Wars (1919-1940) • Bureau of Salesmanship Research • - Walter Bingham • - Carnegie Institute of Technology and industry working together • 1921: Psychological Corporation • - James Cattell (1921) • - Purpose: Advance psychology and promote its usefulness in industry.

  16. Between the Wars (1919-1940) The Hawthorne Studies • Examined how scheduling, environmental conditions, and other structural factors affect productivity • Hawthorne Effect- changes in behavior that are brought about through special attention to behavior • Work Restrictions - social forces that put limits on the amount of work that a worker accomplishes • Results suggested that social factors influence productivity and worker morale

  17. Industrial Psychology and WWII • Advancements in technology created a critical demand for human factors psychologists and more sophisticated training techniques • AGCT: used to sort recruits into jobs • OSS: assessed candidates for military intelligence units and pilots to fly warplanes. • Other new issues included team development strategies, performance appraisal procedures, and attitude change (morale) methods • Methods used in private industry

  18. Toward Specialization (1946-1963) • I/O became legitimate field • 1946: Division 14: Industrial Psychology • Formation of subspecialties: engineering psychology, personnel psychology, human relations • Took on stronger organizational flavor

  19. Legislation: 1964: Civil Rights Act 1978: Uniform Guidelines 1990: Americans with Disabilities Act 1991 Civil Rights Act Modern Era (1964-present)

  20. Events: 1973: Division 14: I/O Psychology 1976: First I/O Handbook 1980: Project A 1990: First set of I/O Handbooks 1992: 100th Anniversary of APA Modern Era (1964-present)

  21. I/O psychologists must examine cross-cultural factors in work behavior. Cultural diversity Work environment Mergers/acquisitions/joint ventures Technological advancements Cross Cultural I/O Psychology

  22. Mandate of I/O Psychology I/O psychology must increase the fit between the workforce and the workplace at a time when the composition of both is rapidly changing.

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