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Chapter 6 Transnational Corporations location

Chapter 6 Transnational Corporations location. ◆ the location choose of foreign direct investment ◆ the different sector location choose of Transnational Corporations ◆ Foreign direct investment and its economic impact on the region.

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Chapter 6 Transnational Corporations location

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  1. Chapter 6 Transnational Corporations location ◆ the location choose of foreign direct investment ◆the different sector location choose of Transnational Corporations ◆Foreign direct investment and its economic impact on the region

  2. SectorⅠ the location choose of foreign direct investment 一、The reason of foreign direct investment (一)Vernon’s product life-cycle theory （1966） The product lift-cycle model is associated with four stages of production which have clear implications both to the spatial division of labor and industrial location Manufacturing capacity shifts from core ares to peripheral areas and finally out of the country as products move through their life cycle .

  3. 1 .Infancy—product is developed and is sold as a niche product to the core region;labour force is skilled but small. 2.Growth—demand expands and production techniques become stangardised;labour force grows. 3.Maturity—little new research and development;production moves to peripheral areas where labour is cheaper. 4.Obsolescence—declining sales due to better or cheaper products from abroad;production moves to firms overseas or the product is superseded by new innovation.

  4. 3．产品周期理论的缺陷 　　弗农的理论在规划企业未来投资国别， 在说明跨国公司为其总体利益而实行全球化 战略行为时，不能令人满意。为此，需要把 产品周期理论与企业拥有的特殊优势结合起 来考虑。　　此外，弗农的理论只重视企业最终产品 的生产周期，而未考虑这些产品的生产工艺 流程可进行国际分工。

  5. (二)折衷理论 1．跨国投资的优势 （1）企业的所有权优势； （2）内部化优势； （3）区位优势。

  6. 2．优势利用与跨国公司投资选择 　　当一企业仅仅拥有所有权优势时，它可 将其优势转让给其它企业以获取收益；当一 企业拥有所有权优势并在企业内部利用这种 优势时，它可通过产品出口获取收益；只有 当企业内部利用所拥有所有权优势，并充分 利用世界各国的区位优势时，对外直接投资 才会发生。

  7. 二、Foreign direct investmen in which country (一) Factors influencing foreign direct investment ●Cost ● Market ● Factors input (二) Foreign direct investmen trends ● Cost and profit ● market ● factors ● strategy

  8. 三、the regional location choose of foreign direct investment (一) Located in the economic centre (二) Located in the borders (三) Located in the social region

  9. SectorⅡ the different sector location choose of Transnational Corporations Over the last thirty years the influences on industrial location described by the classical models have changed in importance factor in the location of manufacturing industries .the term spatial division of labour is used to describe the way workforce can influence location on a national or global scale .two models have been suggested .

  10. 一、Headquarters ● The top level where decisions are made and policy developed ● Workforce is managerial or secretarial ● Location is in a high order central place such as a capital city

  11. 公司总部的实际区位：主要大都市区。 区位选择原因： 大都市区具有以下三种优势： 具有公司之间当面接触可能性； 提供金融、法律、广告等方面服务的便捷性； 具有与其它大都市高度接近性。

  12. 图6.2　跨国公司总部和区域总部集中地

  13. 图6.3　美国主要公司总部的区位

  14. 图6.4　位于德国慕尼黑的宝马公司总部

  15. 图6.5　壳牌公司在美国的总部区位变化（1912—1990）图6.5　壳牌公司在美国的总部区位变化（1912—1990）

  16. 图6.6　东风汽车公司组织结构框架图

  17. 二、Research and development ● New products are development ● Highly qualified technical staff ‘often with second degrees ● Location in core regions and increasingly in semi-rural science parks and technopoles 公司的R&D区位应该趋于大都市区和大科研集中区。 R&D在空间上倾向于公司总部所在地。

  18. 图6.7研究与开发（R&D）的过程

  19. 图6.8　美国大公司R&D区位及其变化（1965—1977）图6.8　美国大公司R&D区位及其变化（1965—1977）

  20. 图6.9　英国卡德伯里·施韦普斯公司主要生产机构及总部和R&D区位（1984）图6.9　英国卡德伯里·施韦普斯公司主要生产机构及总部和R&D区位（1984）

  21. 三、Branch plants ● Where products are assembled ● Raw materials become finished products ● Workforce are operatives rather than managers or scientists ● Location is often peripheral,based on lowlabour cost ,government incentives ,or coastal position

  22. 公司生产单位的区位特征 (一)全球集中生产型 (二)市场地生产型 (三)专业化生产型 (四)跨国一体化生产型

  23. 图6.10　跨国生产单位的几种组织型式

  24. SectorⅢ Foreign direct investment and its economic impact on the region 一、跨国公司与投资地联系的背景 二、跨国公司对投资地经济发展的影响特点 三、跨国公司与投资地的相互作用关系

  25. 一、跨国公司与投资地联系的背景 (一)跨国投资的联系系统 1．生产链（生产与销售活动关系系统） 2．所有权关系系统 3．组织链（组织关系系统）

  26. 图6.11　跨国投资企业的三种联系系统

  27. (二) 区域等级关系 ◆克里斯塔勒的区域之间的等级关系 ◆马西的区域等级关系 ◆用政治、经济和社会关系三维座标系来界定的区域等级关系

  28. 图6.12区域等级关系

  29. (三) 跨国公司—区域综合联系 跨国公司处于企业关联系统和区域等级关系系统的关键部位。区域系统可通过与跨国公司的联系，介入国际或全球生产系统；跨国公司通过投资企业与当地区域系统的联系，影响区域生产活动，最终达到获取最大效益的目的。

  30. (一)广泛性 二、跨国公司对投资地经济发展的影响特点 (二) 层次性 (三) 区域性 (四) 多面性 (五) 差异性 (六) 时间性

  31. (一) 跨国公司与投资地关系特点 1．互补性 2.竞争性 3．变化性 三、跨国公司与投资地的相互作用关系 (二)影响跨国公司与投资地关系的主要 因素

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