G. K. Panda gopalkrishna_panda@yahoo.co.uk

1. Climate Change, Coastal Vulnerability • & Policy Choices G. K. Panda gopalkrishna_panda@yahoo.co.uk

2. Focus on ……… • Foot prints of climate extremes i.e. • Floods, Cyclones, Lightning, Heat Waves and Coastal Erosion • Impacts and Vulnerabilities • Practices and policy options

5. Areas of Possible Submergence

6. ORISSA : TOP 10 DISASTERS BASED ON No. of Deaths (1970 – 2007)

7. Orissa : Total Property Loss by Hazards (1970-2007) 0% 2% 15% 83% Flood Cyclone Lightning Fire

8. 1970 to 2000 - 37 / Yr • 2001- 2008 -267/ Yr • 1970 -2008- 79 / Yr) Seasonal peaks shifting from June- August to April –October.

9. Annually >1 lakh people are affected from coastal Dist. • Flood & Cyclone accounts for 93 % of population affected. Climatic Hazards of Orissa Population Affected Climatic Hazards include: Cyclone & Flood Climatic Hazards : Population Affected

10. Climatic Hazards : Loss of Life Climatic Hazards of Orissa Loss of Human Life Climatic Hazards includes: Cyclone, Flood, Lightening & Heat Wave • Death due to climatic hazards increasing since 1998

11. Max. Temp (oC) of coastal stations of Orissa (1965-2010) Balasore March April May Chandabali Paradeep Puri Gopalpur

12. Heat waves : Human Death (1998-2007) • Annual average human death is 5 times of Flood. • Highest human death was in 1998 (2042). • Coastal & North Western dists show higher human death

13. Lightning : Human Death (1998-2007) • Human Causality Increasing. • Annual average human death is 205. • Highest causality is in 2007 (351).

15. Puri Coastal Erosion in Orissa Photo courtesy: Prof. G.K. Panda Dept. of Geography, Utkal University Bhubaneswar

16. Gopalpur Coastal Erosion in Orissa

17. Podampeta village 10 km NE of Ganjam , Orissa (September 2011 dated Newspaper clipping)

18. Coastal Erosion in Pentha Village & Puri Marine Drive

19. 1929 1994 2008 1 1 2 2 3 3 5 5 4 4 (a) (b) Changing Morphology of the Spits, Bay Mouth Bars & Islands around Hukitola Bay (a)

20. Coastal Erosion in Pentha Village

21. IRS P6, LISS-III Image of Northern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Subarnarekha Mouth to Mahanadi Mouth Baleswar Plain B E N G A L Bhadrak Plain 25 Km. Buffer Zone Bramhani Baitarani Delta O F B A Y Hukitola Bay Mahanadi Mouth

22. Erasama Plain Erasama Plain Puri Plain Chilika B E N G A L O F 25 Km. Buffer Zone Ganjam Plain B A Y IRS P6, LISS-III Image of Southern Part of Orissa Coastal Zone from Mahanadi Mouth to South of Rusikulya Mouth.

24. Possible Impacts on………. • Coastal Habitation • Fishing Communities • Low & Marginal Farmers • Daily Wagers & Ag. Laborers • Agriculture & Plantations • Small Traders & Artisans

25. Problems Potential for LHSS • Cyclone & Storm Surges • Flood & Tidal Inundations • Coastal erosion • Migration of Sand dunes. • Popln. Pres. & LU change • Coastal encroachments • Loss of Mangroves • Loss of Habitat & • Bio-Diversity • Mangrove based LHSS • Fishing & Aquaculture • Eco-Tourism • Plantations

26. 50 % of the farmers had already applied adaptation strategies to respond to their experience of climate change.  i.e changes in crops, crop varieties, planting dates, along with increased irrigation and supplementing livestock. Impediments to adaptation, including poverty, lack of savings and access to credit, insecure property rights and lack of social protection mechanisms to insure against the risks of using new techniques or technologies.Microcredit programs can provide the direct provision of livestock or poultry through asset transfers

27. Mitigation Options • Interventions • Capacity Building & Knowledge Management • Adaptations • Policy and Programs • Research & Development

28. Mitigation Opportunities…….. Interventions 1. Reduction of Climate Change Hazards through Coastal Afforestation with community focus. 2. Providing drinking water to coastal communities to combat enhanced salinity due to sea level rise. 3. Construction of flood shelter, information and assistance centre to cope with enhanced recurrent floods in major floodplains.

29. Capacity Building • Capacity building for integrating Climate Change in planning, designing of infrastructure, conflict management and land use zoning & management. • 2. Climate change and adaptation information dissemination to vulnerable community to raise awareness. • 3. Mainstreaming adaptation into policies and Programs in different sectors, focusing on disaster management, water, agriculture, health and industry

30. Reducing risks to Livelihoods through…… • Developing context specific crop packages and promoting improved agricultural practices • Addressing Fisherman’s issues • Pre- flood paddy cultivation, • Safe storage of seeds and food- grains, • Promoting organic agriculture • Formation and strengthening of Farmer’s Club • Promotion of crop insurance

31. 1. Overall Objective Enhance disaster risk reduction & reduce vulnerability of the poor women, men and children with increased resilience to risks & preparednessand new challenges emanating from climate change. 2. Economic Justice Need to focus on policies & programs to ensure poor people‘s right to resilient and sustainable livelihoods through the reduction of poverty and vulnerability. 3. Essential Services Policies on empowering poor people to realize their rights to accessible and affordable health, education, water and sanitation.

33. Thank You Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, ORISSA