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Earth, Moon, & Sun System. Earth (Physical Characteristic). Approximately 149,597,890 km (92,955,820 miles) or 1 AU from the Sun Diameter at the equator is 12,756 km (7,926 miles), and its circumference is 40,075 km (24,901 miles) Mass is 5.9737 x 10 24 kg ( 6.58 x 10 21 tons)
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Earth(Physical Characteristic) • Approximately 149,597,890 km (92,955,820 miles) or 1 AU from the Sun • Diameter at the equator is 12,756 km (7,926 miles), and its circumference is 40,075 km (24,901 miles) • Mass is 5.9737 x 1024 kg (6.58 x 1021 tons) • Gravity is 9.8 m/s2 • Density is 5.515 g/cm3 • The average temperature is 14oC (57oF) and ranges from -89oC – 58oC (-128oF 136oF) • Atmosphere consists of 78% Nitrogen (N2), 21% Oxygen (O2) and 1% of other gases such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2) • Orbits the Sun in 365.24 Earth days • Rotates in 24 hours • Tilted 23° on its axis reason for the seasons • Has three layers - crust, mantle, and core
Earth(Special Features) • Ideally situated away from the sun life can exist • Has oceans that help maintain a stable temperature • Has a molten iron core that generates a magnetic field around the planet helps protect the planet from the harmful effects of solar winds and cosmic rays • Has oxygen which is essential for life • Has an ozone layer (composed of O3) that resides in the stratosphere absorbs harmful UV light
148,000,000 km 153,000,000 km Earth(Seasons) • Patterns of temperature changes and other weather trends over the course of a year are known as seasons • Results from Earth’s 23° tilt on its axis and its orbit relative to the Sun • Equinox – sunlight shines equally on the northern and southern hemispheres • Solstice – sunlight is at its maximum in one hemisphere and a minimum in the other hemisphere Which hemisphere would have these particular seasons? Fall September Equinox October August July November Winter December Solstice Summer June Solstice January May February April Not to scale Spring March Equinox
Moon(Physical Characteristic) • Approximately 384,400 km (239,000 miles) from the Earth • Diameter is 3479 kilometers (2162 miles), which is about 1/4 the diameter of the Earth • Mass is 7.35 x 1022 kilograms (8.1 x 1019 tons), which is about 1/80 the mass of the Earth. • Gravity is 1.6 m/s2, which is about 1/6 the gravity of Earth • Density is 3.340 g/cm3 • Does not have an atmosphere • The average temperature on the surface of the Moon during the day is 107°C and during the night, the average temperature drops to −153°C • Orbits the Earth in 27.3 Earth days • Rotates in 27.3 Earth days • Tilted 70 on its “axis” • Orbit is tilted 50 • Has three layers - crust, mantle, and core Image taken from: http://www.thelivingmoon.com/43ancients/02files/Moon_Images.html
Moon(Special Features) • Has impact craters that are the result of small objects from space striking the Moon’s surface • Has mare (maria - pl.) which arelarge, dark plains of solidified lava • The same side of the Moon always faces the Earth; this is because of tidal locking • Is thought to have formed after a giant collision between early Earth and a smaller space body • Is moving away from the Earth at a rate of 3.8 cm/year
Moon(Phases) • The lunar phases result from the positions of the Earth, Moon, and Sun. • Waxing – the phase after the new moon when the amount of reflected light increases • Waning – the phase when the full moon has passed and the amount of reflected light decreases What we see New Moon (Again) Waning Crescent Waxing Crescent Waxing Gibbous Waning Gibbous Third Quarter 1st Quarter New Moon Full Moon Moon viewer
Moon(Eclipses) • An eclipse occurs when the Earth, Moon, and Sun are in line with each other and a shadow makes the Sun or Moon seem to grow dark. • Lunar eclipse – the phase after the new moon when the amount of reflected light increases • Solar eclipse – the phase when the full moon has passed and the amount of reflected light decreases What we see New Moon Moon viewer
Moon(Tides) • Tides occur because the Moon’s gravity changes the shape of Earth’s oceans • Lunar eclipse – the phase after the new moon when the amount of reflected light increases What do you think happens to the tides when the Sun and Moon are on directly in line with Earth?
Sun(Physical Characteristic) • Approximately 149,600,000 km (92 million miles) from the Earth • Approximately 1,390,000 km in diameter which is over 100 times the diameter of the Earth • Mass is about 2 x 1030 kilograms, which is is over 300,000 times the mass of Earth • Has an atmosphere • Consists of about 70% Hydrogen, 28% Helium and 2% of metals such as iron. • The surface at the equator rotates once every 25.4 Earth days. The rotation near the poles is around 36 Earth days. Also the surface swirls in high and low pressure areas, similar to those that occur on Earth. • Its temperature is extremely hot, with the surface being about 5000°C (9032oF) and the center core at about 15,600,000° C (28,080,032oF) • Has three layers - core, radiative zone, and convection zone • Rotates every 25.38 Earth days Image taken from: http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2003/23oct_superstorm.htm
Sun(Features) • continually emits a stream of charged particles consisting mostly of electrons and protons called solar winds • shoots out streams of high energy particles called solar flares aurora borealis • Contains sunspots which are spots on the photosphere that are cooler than surrounding areas • Prominences are huge loops of glowing gas that extend into the corona • Atmosphere photosphere, chromosphere, and corona
