Energy, Work and Power

1. Energy, Work and Power

2. Energy and Matter Perhaps the concept most central to all of science is energy. Energy and matter makes up the universe! • Matter: Anything that has mass and occupies space. • matter is substance • can see, smell and feel • Energy: Anything that can change the condition of matter; the ability to do work. • energy is the mover of substance • cannot see, smell or feel most forms of energy

3. Energy • Surprisingly, the idea of energy was unknown to Isaac Newton (1643 -1727), and its existence was still being debated in the 1850s. • Although energy is familiar to us, it is difficult to define, because it is not only a “thing” but both a thing and a process—as if it were both a noun and a verb.

4. Energy • Persons, places, and things have energy, but we usually observe energy only when it is being transferred or being transformed. • It comes to us in the form of electromagnetic waves from the sun and we feel it as thermal energy; it is captured by plants and binds molecules of matter together; it is in the food we eat. • Even matter itself is condensed bottled-up energy, as set forth in Einstein's famous formula, E = mc2. • We'll begin our study of energy by considering a related concept: work.

5. Work

6. Work We saw that changes in an object's motion depend on both force and how long the force acts. • “How long” means time. • We call the quantity “force × time” impulse. But “how long” need not always mean time. • It can mean distance also. • When we consider the quantity force × distance, we are talking about an entirely different quantity - work.

7. Work When we lift a load against Earth's gravity, work is done. The heavier the load or the higher we lift the load, the more work is done. Two things enter the picture whenever work is done: • application of a force, and • the movement of something by that force. For the simplest case, where the force is constant and the motion takes place in a straight line in the direction of the force, we define the work done on an objectby an applied force as the product of the force and the distance through which the object is moved. In shorter form:

8. Work

9. Work

10. Work A rocket blasting off from the launch pad.

11. Work Pam pulls a wagon in which her little brother Ken is riding. She exerts a force of 10 N [E] to pull the wagon through a displacement of 5 m [E], as shown. Calculate the work done by Pamon the wagon.

12. Work Work must be done by one object on another object. Work was done by Pam, and work was done on the wagon.

13. SI Unit of Work From the equation of work, we can determine the units of work. W = F d = 10 N x 5 m = 50 N m = 50 joule = 50 J In honor of English physicist James P. Joule the unit of work (N m) given the name joule (J). One joule of work is done when a force of 1 newton is exerted over a distance of 1 meter, as in lifting an apple over your head.

14. English Unit of Work From the equation of work, we can determine the units of work. W = F d = 20 lb x 10 ft = 200 ft lb

15. English Unit of Work Jim pushes a 350 lb cart a distance of 30 ft by exerting a force of 40 lb. How much work does Jim do?

16. English Unit of Work Jim pushes a 350 lb cart a distance of 30 ft by exerting a force of 40 lb. How much work does Jim do? W = F d = 40 lb x 30 ft = 1200 ft lb

17. Work, force in the direction of motion To determine the work when the force is not applied in the direction of the motion, use the component of the force along the motion to calculate the amount of work. Consider a block being pulled by a rope with a force F that makes an angle  with the level ground. The horizontal component Fx is the forcein the direction of motion. Using trigonometric relations, Fx = F cos 

18. Work • Only that component of force directed along the path of the moving object is involved in calculating work done. Vertical: No motion! Horizontal: Direction of motion!

19. Work, force in the direction of motion Jim pulls a sled along level ground a distance of 10 m by exerting a force of 100 N at an angle of 30 with the ground. How much work does he do? W = Fx d W = F cos 30 d = 100 N x 0.866 x 10 m = 866 N m = 866 J

20. Work in the direction of motion W = Fx d W = F cos  d = Fd cos  

21. Example of Work Pam pulls a sled along level ground a distance of 10 m by exerting a force of 100 N at an angle of 30 with the ground. How much work does she do? W = F d = 40 lb x 30 ft = 1200 ft lb

22. Work ? + 4 N Friction: - 4 N In science, to do work you must apply a force that causes an object to move a distance. W = Fd

23. Work ?

24. Work ?

25. Work ?

26. Work ? Space capsule drifting in space with constant velocity.

27. Power

28. Power The definition of work says nothing about how long it takes to do the work. The same amount of work is done when carrying a load up a flight of stairs, whether we walk up or run up. So why are we more tired after running upstairs in a few seconds than after walking upstairs in a few minutes? To understand this difference, we need to talk about a measure of how fast the work is done - power. Power is equal to the amount ofwork done per time it takes to do it:

29. Power • Work tells us nothing about time! • Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed. • Power equals the amount of work done per unit time. Power = work done time interval P = W t

30. Power An engine of great power can do work rapidly. A liter (L) of fuel can do a certain amount of work, but the power produced when we burn it can be any amount, depending on how fast it is burned. • It can operate a lawn mower for a half-hour or • a jet engine at 3600 times the power for a half-second.

31. Power The unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), also known as the watt (in honor of Scottish inventor James Watt 1736-1819, the developer of the steam engine). One watt (W) of power is expended when 1 joule of work is done in 1 second. The engines are rated in units of horsepower and electricity in kilowatts, but either may be used. In the metric system of units, automobiles are rated in kilowatts. One horsepower is the same as three-fourths of a kilowatt, so an engine rated at 133 horsepower is a 100-kW engine.

32. History of the term "horsepower" The term "horsepower" was invented by James Watt to help market his improved steam engine. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour (or 2.4 times a minute). The wheel was 12 feet in radius, thus in a minute the horse traveled 2.4 × 2π × 12 feet. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds So: This was rounded to an even 33,000 ft·lbf/min[6].

33. Conversion of horsepower to watts The historical value of 33,000 ft·lbf/min may be converted to the SI unit of watts by using the following conversion of units factors: 1 ft = 0.3048m 1 lbf = g × 1 lbm = 9.80665 m/s2 × 1 lbm × 0.45359237 kg/lbm = 4.44822 kg·m/s2 = 4.44822 N 1 minute = 60 seconds And the watt is defined as 1 hp = 33,000 ft·lbf/min = 746 W = 0.75 kW = ¾ kW

34. Energy

35. Energy Work is done in lifting the heavy ram of a pile driver, and, as a result, the ram acquires the property of being able to do work on a piling when it falls. In this case, something has been acquired. This “something” given to the object enables the object to do work.

36. Energy When work is done by an archer in drawing a bow, the bent bow has the ability to do work on the arrow. When work is done to wind a spring mechanism, the spring acquires the ability to do work on various gears to run a clock, ring a bell, or sound an alarm. In each case, something has been acquired. This “something” that enables an object to do work is energy.

37. Energy Energy is measured in joules. It appears in many forms: • Mechanical, • Electrical, • Thermal, • Chemical, • Atomic, • Nuclear, • Sound.

38. MechanicalEnergy Mechanical energy - the form of energy • due to the relative position of interacting bodies (potential energy) or, • due to their motion (kinetic energy). Mechanical energy may be in the form of either • potential energy or • kinetic energy, or • both.

39. Potential Energy An object may store energy because of its position relative to some other object. This energy is called potential energy (PE), because in the stored state it has the potential to do work. For example, a stretched or compressed spring has the potential for doing work. When a bow is drawn, energy is stored in the bow. A stretched rubber band has potential energy because of its position, for if it is part of a slingshot, it is capable of doing work.

40. Potential Energy • Potential Energy (PE) is the energy an object has stored because of its position relative to another object.

41. Potential Energy The chemical energy in fuels is also potential energy, due to the relative positions of atoms in molecules. Such energy characterizes fossil fuels, electric batteries, and the food we eat. This energy is available when atoms are rearranged, that is, when a chemical change takes place. Any substance that can do work through chemical action possesses potential energy.

42. Potential Energy Work is required to elevate objects against Earth's gravity. The potential energy of a body due to elevated positions is called gravitational potential energy. Water in an elevated reservoir and the ram of a pile driver have gravitational potential energy. The amount of gravitational potential energy possessed by an elevated object is equal to the work done against gravity in lifting it. The work done equals the force required to move it upward times the vertical distance it is moved. W = Fd PEgravitational = Fd

43. Potential Energy Once upward motion begins, the upward force to keep it moving at constant speed equals the weight mg of the object. (There is a bit of extra work needed to get the object moving, but that is balanced by “negative work” done when it stops at the top.) So the work done in lifting an object of weight mg through a height h is given by the product mgh. W = Fd PEgravitational = weight x height = mg h Note that the height h is the distance above some reference level, such as the ground or the floor of a building. The potential energy mgh is relative to that reference level and depends only on mg and the height h.

44. Potential Energy The potential energy of the ball at the top of the ledge depends on the height but does not depend on the path taken to get it there. Gravitational Potential Energy = weight x height PE = mgh

45. Potential Energy The potential energy of the 10-N ball is the same (30 J) in all three cases because the work done in elevating it 3 m is the same whether it is • lifted with 10 N of force vertically, • pushed with 6 N of force up the 5-m incline, or • lifted with 10 N up each 1-m stair. • No work is done in moving it horizontally (neglecting friction).

46. Potential Energy Potential energy, gravitational or otherwise, has significance only when it changes- when it does work or transforms to energy of some other form. For example, if the ball falls from its elevated position and does 20 joules of work when it lands, then it has lost 20 joules of potential energy. How much total potential energy the ball had when it was elevated is relative to some reference level, and isn't important. What's important is the amount of potential energy that is converted to some other form. Only changes in potential energy are meaningful. One of the kinds of energy into which potential energy can change is energy of motion, or kinetic energy.

47. Potential Energy to Kinetic Energy The potential energy of the elevated ram is converted to kinetic energy when released.

48. Kinetic Energy If we push on an object, we can set it in motion. More specifically, if we do work on an object, we can change the energy of motion of that object. If an object is moving, then by virtue of that motion it is capable of doing work. We call energy of motionkinetic energy (KE).

49. Kinetic Energy • The energy of motion is called kineticenergy (KE). • The kinetic energy of an object depends on: • Mass & • Speed KE = ½ mass x speed2 KE = ½ mv2

50. Kinetic Energy Just before hitting the pile, the KE of the ram is: