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Latin America

Latin America. Periods 2-6. Big Ideas to Remember. Periods 1-3- all of the Americas were isolated from the rest of the world Still had basic concepts of civilization: traded among each other, very urban cities, highly developed agriculture, specialized labor, social systems

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Latin America

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  1. Latin America Periods 2-6

  2. Big Ideas to Remember • Periods 1-3- all of the Americas were isolated from the rest of the world • Still had basic concepts of civilization: traded among each other, very urban cities, highly developed agriculture, specialized labor, social systems • Period 4- dominated by Europeans • Melding of cultures: religions, languages, Columbian Exchange, etc • Triangle of trade- economic importance to mother country • Voluntary & Involuntary migrations • New Social classes & structures • Period 5- Independence Movements • Period 6- US is Bully of the North and most of Latin American states looking for stability and many turn in part to socialism

  3. Period 1-Olmec • Slash & burn agriculture: moving tribes clear land by burning then use the fertilized land until nutrients depleted • Olmecs- (1200-400 BCE) • Coast of Gulf of Mexico • Agricultural- • growing unique crops to eastern hemisphere (beans, peppers, squash, maize, tomatoes) • No need for irrigation systems but did build drainage systems • No labor saving domesticated animals • No wheel • Developed Calendar • Monumental Building • Urban planning- aligned cities to stars • Giant heads

  4. Period 1- Chavin • Peru/Andean area ***Exception to rule*** NOT in a river valley • Depended on fish rather than agriculture • Located at crossroads of trade • Domesticated Llama (only labor saving domesticated animal in Latin America)

  5. Period 3- Maya & Toltec • Mayan • Central America • Agricultural: • developed terraces that trapped silt carried by rivers • irrigation and swamp drainage systems • Trade minor part of life • Urban/Monumental Building- • pyramids, palaces & temples • Stelae- memorial pillars to commemorate great actions of Mayan leaders • Social structure: elite were both priests and political leaders who communicated with ancestors • Religion-polytheistic, human sacrifice • Calendar, wrote on paper from deerskin • Toltec: centralized militaristic state

  6. Period 3- Aztec • Tenochtitlan • Main city-300,ooo population • Chinampas –floating gardens- to feed urban population (adapt to their environment) • Militaristic • Aggressive Expansion for subjects for human sacrifice • Social Structure based on military prowess • Tribute System- conquered paid with food (maize, beans) • Serfs- similar to medieval Europe • Human Sacrifice bloodiest conducted by priests

  7. Period 3 Andean Societies- Inca • Inca was a god • Gave land to nobles who farmed on his behalf • Well organized military and roads • Mummified at death-people worshipped old Incas (ancestor worship) • Extensive agricultural knowledge- • terracing, metal tools, irrigation, fertilizers • Domesticated llamas for labor • Large surpluses of food leads to support military and leisure class • Mit’a Labor System- forced labor to state to build government projects like roads • Communities organized in allyus • Men and women had different tasks • No long distance trade • No written language • none of Andean societies [Chavin, Moche, Inca] had written lang • did have Khipu- system of knotted, colored cords for record keeping • Religion-polytheistic based on agriculture

  8. Comparison of Aztec & Inca (pg 194)

  9. Continuities of Native Tribes • Polytheistic faiths based on agriculture • Human Sacrifice (Aztec bloodiest) • Ball courts where losers were sacrificed

  10. Period 4- Influx of Europeans • Age of Exploration: • Europeans want to break trade monopoly of east to rival economic power • Europeans borrow technology from East to improve their boats-Caravel • Chinese inventions (like gunpowder, compass, rudder) & boats • Indian Ocean technology-boats • Renaissance- encourages desire to know more • Spanish and Portuguese kings consolidate power moving toward absolute monarchy • Spanish Ferdinand & Isabella conquer Iberia from Muslims (Reconquista) • Portuguese Prince Henry the Navigator establishes schools for exploration

  11. Europeans Conquer Native Americans • Cortes conquers Aztec (emperor Moctezuma) • Pizarro conquers Inca (Inca-Atahualpa) • How? • Gods- Natives saw Europeans and gods in their armor with unknown horses and guns • Guns- Europeans had technology to defeat (compare to Imperialism and the use of technology in period 5!) • Germs- Europeans carried diseases (smallpox, influenza) which decimated native tribes (again compare to impact on Hawaiians, Aborigines, Maori in period 5) • Help of other native tribes-remember the Aztec conquered regularly for human sacrifice-not nice neighbors to have!

  12. Europeans build Colonial Empire

  13. Columbian Exchange- diffusion of plants, animals and diseases from old world to new world • devastating effects on • populationof Amerindians- died from disease leading to influx of new labor from Africa • environment- introduction of new species of plants and animals with no natural predator—changes landscape • Introduction of domesticated animals-especially horse-which changes labor, travel and trade

  14. Mercantilism and Triangle of Trade • Mercantilism- economic system used by Europeans during period 4 in which they tried to achieve a favorable balance of trade by exporting more than they imported • Colonies were required to produce raw materials (Ex: timber, tobacco, fish, sugar, molasses) and markets for finished goods • Cash crops were grown on large plantations requiring huge labor sources—turned to African slavery to fill this labor shortage after natives died • Triangle of trade is the graphic representation of Mercantilism (also known as Great Circuit) • Middle Passage- leg of triangle that slaves forced from Africa to New World colonies

  15. Effects of Period 4 African Slave Trade • Economic- • European colonies had self sustaining supply of labor since children born into slavery remained slaves (unlike most earlier periods) • Western African states gained wealth/guns from supply of interior tribes to slavery • Culture • New classes/social hierarchy in New World- complicated system of mixed races especially in Spanish colonies (Ex: Mestizo and Mulatto) • Exchange of culture- African traditions, faiths, languages travel to New World (ALWAYS look for exchange of culture in ANY MIGRATION whether forced or voluntary) • Population shift • shift from Africa to New World- • change in family structure since mostly men sent to New World- • but population recovers with healthier diet due to Columbian Exchange

  16. Period 5-Revolutions • Enlightenment- • political movement of 1700s in which philosophers believed man had a role in his government (social contract) • Moving from absolute monarchy toward social contract (written set of rights of man) • Leaders: Locke, Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire • American (1776) and French Revolutions (1789) inspired by Enlightenment • Abolitionists working to end slavery • Latin America was aware of these ideas/revolts and sought to free itself of Spanish/Portuguese control

  17. Haitian Revolution (1789-1804) • French colony needed for raw materials (sugar, cotton, indigo coffee) in Mercantilistic System • Revolutions in France give colony some autonomy • Gens de couleur-mixed race planters wanted equality but not to end slavery • Revolutionary government in France declared slavery over • CLASS TENSIONS • Only Slave led revolution –Toussaint L’Ouverture • Violent • Wrote constitution • Politically unstable and economically devastated by revolution through 20th century

  18. Latin America Independence Revolutions • Independence from Spain- a declining empire • Creoles (of European descent but born in NW) want increased political power • Wealthy plantation owners • Resent control by peninsulares • Well educated in Enlightenment • When Napoleon invaded Spain in Europe-created instability in Spain • Juntas –military leaders usually of Creoles- set up to control Latin America • Creoles have own motives—increased independence

  19. Changing Labor Systems • As slavery declined in period 5, Imperialist nations recruited poor in their colonies to become indentured servants to work in areas where needed additional labors– great example of Migration • Indentured Servants worked a set number of years (5-7) in exchange for their passage—form of forced labor • Examples: • Indian migrants to rubber plantations in Southeast Asia, South Africa and the Pacific • Chinese laborers to work on sugar plantations in the Caribbean, gold mines in South Africa and Australia, railroad construction in America and Peru • Japanese and Chinese to sugar plantations in Hawaii, • Africans to sugar plantations in Caribbean

  20. Period 6 (1900-present) • Panama Canal • French • Had trouble building canal-especially susceptible to malaria • pull out of building canal despite finding cure for Malaria and offered project to US • US (Teddy Roosevelt) approached Columbia to build canal, but Columbia refused • US backed independence revolution in Panama to break from Columbia • Newly independent Panama signed deal giving canal project to US • Columbia resented US-called US “bully of the north” • 1970s President Carter returns canal to Panama

  21. Period 6 (1900-present)-search for stability • WWI • Trade cut off so LA becomes more independent economically • Spurs industrialization and rise of middle class • Rise in urban workers-spread socialism/communism –want rights • Great Depression • Stock Market crash in US creates chain reaction of worldwide depression • Extremely hard on Primary Producing Economies like Latin America • Exporting raw materials like coffee, sugar, cotton, minerals, ores, and rubber –usually each state only produced one good • Demand from industrialized nations plummeted as result of Depression-tried to raise prices to offset decreased revenue-no help • Unemployment increased

  22. Post WWII-Search for Stability • Mexico • Period 5-bloody revolution-caused chaos until 1930s • 1929 military leaders (caudillos) united under Party of the Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)-PRI controlled until 2000 • Mexican government unstable since Pres limited to one 6 year term in office • 1930s President Lazaro Cardenas • stabilized country • Socialistgovernment- nationalized(took over) industries • Next president moved away from socialism • Power of PRI continued into 1990s but selection of Pres more democratic • Ex: Vicente Fox non PRI elected Pres 2000-member of National Action Party (PAN) • 200s joined US & Canada in NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) eliminated tariffs in trade among these states

  23. Post WWII-Search for Stability • Brazil-Getulio Vargas rose to power in 1929- • based Brazil on Mussolini’s Italy—authoritarian • Nationalized oil industry • Argentina- General Juan & Eva Peron (Evita) • Took over in military coup • Goal-industrialize Argentina— nationalizedindustries • Both charismatic • Supported Axis powers in WWII • Lost power in 1955 in another coup-his party banned

  24. Post WWII-Search for Stability • Guatemala & Cuba affected by Marxism in Europe • Guatemala • Huge gap between wealthy landowners and Ameri-indians • Economy based on export of bananas and coffee • Socialist elected pres 1944 Juan Jose Arevalo • Enacted socialist reforms • Socialists reforms and intense nationalism brought Arevalo into conflict with foreign owned interests, United Fruit Company which controlled transportation & shipping • Next Pres nationalized industries—becoming more socialist • 1954 US (Central Intelligence Agency) intervened to support non-socialist government (Cold War goal) (ex: US is Bully of the North) • Socialist gov fell and pro-American gov put in place • US put in few reforms, native Americans still had very low standard of living

  25. Post WWII-Search for Stability • Cuba • Pre 1950s--Economy dependent on foreign investments • Based on sugar export • Physically close to US so tied to US—US invested heavily and created jobs/thriving middle class • 1934-1959- ruled by dictator Fulgencio Batista • Fidel Castro led revolt • Coalition of students, intellectuals, laborers, and rural workers • Implemented Socialism-nationalized industries, eliminated private property • Anti-US- cut off relations with US in 1961-many Cubans fled to US • US CIA led Bay of Pigs invasion which was a failure for US • Cuban Missile Crisis • USSR responded to failed Bay of Pigs by putting nuclear missiles in Cuba • 1962 US (Pres Kennedy) demanded USSR remove missiles-came to brink of war • Cuba remained hot spot of Cold War

  26. Post WWII-Search for Stability • Chile • 1973 socialist government of Salvador Allende was overthrown by military coup led by Augusto Pinochet • US supported Pinochet • Dictator (1974-1990) • Took back social reforms • Eventually charged with crimes against humanity resulting from deaths/torture of thousands of Chileans during his government

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