Vocabulary

1. Vocabulary FDR: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 32nd president of the United States (1933-1945). Led America in a time of economic depression and through WWII Adolf Hitler: Dictator of Germany from 1934-1945, leading the Nazi party. Known for the wide spreading of Fascism in Europe and his acts in WWII Joseph Stalin: Premier of U.S.S.R. from 1941-1953, part of the Bolsheviks. Member of the Communist Party Benito Mussolini: Italian Politician, eventually the Prime Minister of Italy. Among the founder of Fascism. Tydings-Mcduffie Act: U.S. law that gave the Philippines the right to self- government “Good Neighbor” Policy: the foreign policy America used while under FDR towards Latin America Nye Committee: a committee formed in the U.S. senate to study why America became involved in WWI and how it effected our country Nazi Party: German party formed in 1920 and lasted until 1945 created by Anton Drexler. The party was last lead by Adolf Hitler, and it’s goal was to maintain the purity of the Aryan Race Lend-Lease Act: the program that the U.S. used to supply the allied nations with war supplies Havana Conference: a meeting of U.S. crime families discussing many mob policies and business interests for the future. Tripartite Pact: signed in Berlin, decided the Axis-Powers in WWII (Germany, Italy, and Japan) Debt Default Act: kept any countries that owed America money from borrowing any more from the U.S. U.S. Neutrality Acts: acts that were passed in 1935, 1936,1937, & 1939 to keep America from becoming involved in the problems in Europe, known as World War II. Munich Conference: Conference that gave Germany Czechoslovakia’s Sudentenland. Known for being a failed attempt at making Hitler and the Germans happy Nazi-Soviet Pact: pact of Non- aggression signed by Germany and the U.S.S.R.. This pact kept Germany from fighting a two-front war which greatly strengthened their military force

2. Essential Questions Should America remain in isolationism? What are the beliefs and policies of fascism/nazism? Should America remain neutral or declare war?

3. London Conference • Conference held to prevent a worldwide economic depression, save worldwide trade, and set a currency exchange rate • Representatives from 66 different nations were on hand for this month long conference • Europe wanted America to excuse the debts that they owed as this would relieve many of the problems in their economy • Roosevelt made it clear that while he supported the saving of the world wide economy, the economy at home was more important

4. Philippines • There was no general sensus on what to do with the Philippines at first. Many also said to sell the islands, but it was expected that either way Japan would takeover the islands eventually • Eventually the economic depression at home led to the ending of American control in the Philippines with the Tydings-Mcduffie Act giving the Filipinos their indepence • This also ended some of the economic competition for home based businesses specifically for the Sugar Companies in Louisiana and Utah • American Isolationism was becoming the obvious new foreign policy and it may have seen as weakness abroad

5. Latin America • Non- Intervention was shown by the North American’s so that trades could be made and each country would benefit • It was believed that the previous ways of America were too imperialistic and we wanted to show that we were a “good neighbor” • FDR wanted to show the world that the U.S. respected not only is own benefits, but the mutual benefits of its neighbors • Not only did America hope to please it’s neighbors, it also wanted to ensure that it had Latin American support with the conflicts flaring up in Europe

6. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act of 1934 • The act allowed America to trade more freely around the world and is recognized for leading to the trade policy still in tact in our country today • High tariffs in America and many European countries were blamed for the depression • This act was set in place as long as other countries agreed to lower their tariffs with trades to America as well • Secretary Hull who wrote up the act also wrote up pacts with 21 other countries by the end of the 1930’s

7. Russia • Russia had just went through their revolution, with the Bolsheviks and Vladimir Lenin leading the way, but with Lenin’s death Stalin took the reigns • After the revolution the Soviets had gone through many agricultural changes which led to the Soviet Famine • After a failed attempt at forming an alliance with the allied powers, Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet non-agression pact

8. Italy • Mussolini was appointed in 1924 with hopes to keep Italy from having a communist revolution • Italy like Russia signed a defensive alliance with Germany • Hitler saw many of Mussolini’s achievements at the helm of Italy which made him respect and want a very close relationship with Italy

9. Germany • The period of time when Germany was under a totalitarian dictatorship by Adolf Hitler is known as the Third Reich • While Hitler was selected as chancellor of Germany in 1933, but he took sole possession of the country by getting rid of the non-Nazi partners • This regime while it may be known for it’s horrific conditions, brought back economic prosperity and ended extreme amounts of unemployment which made it very popular to the people of Germany

10. Fascism vs. Nazism • Nazism is a more extreme version of Fascism featuring the effects of racism and segregation • Both of these political parties feature ideas of many previous and still existing parties mixed into one ( Liberalism, Democracy) • While Nazism featured an extreme importance in race, fascism focused more on political matters, such as totalitarianism, and militarism which advanced the country as a whole, Nazism used the country to advance the “master race” • http://www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/difference-between-fascism-and-nazism/

11. Italy in Ethiopia • Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 due to a small border conflict • This War showed the uselessness of the League of Nations as they took no action towards the Italians for unnecessary Italian intervention • While there was no major action taken against the Italians, many of the worlds powers were angered by their actions and this led to the build up of tensions between fascists and democracies • http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/eat/ethiopia/fitalyethiopia1935.htm

12. Japan Becoming Influential • Japan decided to stay out of any worldly acts • As well as isolating themselves from the world, they invaded China and captured Beijing which led to the U.S.S.R. signing a non-aggression pact with them • Although the non-aggression pact was signed, only a year later the Japanese invaded the Soviets, but with little success they turned towards they pacific

13. Spain vs. Spain • The Spanish revolution was led by a fascist party, which was supported by the Soviets as well as the fascist Nazi’s Mussolini • The support of these countries swayed America away from becoming involved as Francisco Franco destroyed the democratic Spain • America didn’t even build up any military force until it was too late to save the democratic Spanish

14. FDR’s Quarantine Speech • Roosevelt attempted to stay neutral even after Japan invaded China, but he still verbally assaulted and swayed his country against fascist ways • FDR also put pressure on Japan by ending any economic ties between the two countries

15. Japanese sink the Panay • The U.S.S. Panay was sank while docked in Chinese waters, Japan stated they were unaware that it was an American ship, but this was a major step towards U.S.-Japanese war • Japanese apologized for their “accident” in the necessary ways and America was able to move on from it, showing that their determination to stay neutral wouldn’t be shaken

16. Hitler’s Genocide • There is many rumors of why Adolf had such extreme racism and viewed certain people as the “inferior race” • The reason most widely excepted is that the doctor that cared for his mother until her death was Jewish, and the cancer she died from her knew as “Jewish Poison” • As well as blaming Jewish poison for his mothers death, he blamed Jewish ways German defeat in WWI • http://www.enotes.com/hitler-adolf-reference/hitler-adolf

17. Germany > Europe • Germany seemed to have signed for the keys of Europe when it signed the non-aggression pact with the Soviets and know would only have one front to battle on • With a full-sized army on one side, Germany moved speedily through Poland, France, and finally stepped into Britain • America watched as they did with the Spanish revolution as democracies were destroyed, but once again neutrality was chosen

18. War in the Air • Germany’s Luftwaffe was a huge force behind German’s war tactics as they led the attacks of many countries • Britains royal air-force slowed Germanys invasions as they proved to be a very powerful defense • Japanese did involve themselves in the air wars, but much more desperately as they resorted to kamikaze attacks

19. Britain needs American Help • While the British defended themselves in the air it couldn’t last forever that way and so they aimed towards acquiring U.S. support • Like every other decision America has made, both sides of aiding Britain were discussed, and FDR was put in a tight spot as whether to be defensive or save democracy once again • FDR went out on a limb and supported the Brits give them destroyer ships left over WWI to fight against German submarines

20. German Submarines • U-boats were used extremely similarly in WWII as they were in WWI and they struck mostly ships bringing supplies to their enemies or to set up naval-blockades • The Navy of the Germans was limited to few above the surface ships, which inspired their use of u-boats in the naval battle throughout the entire war

21. 3 in a row for Roosevelt • Although Robert Taft and Thomas Dewey were the leading republicans to take down Roosevelt’s shot for a third term, Thomas Willkie became immensely popular in only a few short weeks • Although Willkie gave Roosevelt a bit of a scare, he was known to be the only man who could possibly lead us through another world war and so he was elected once again and it’s said that if it weren’t for Hitler and the war, Willkie would’ve won

22. Lend-Lease Act • Once again Britain needed our help, but as America had previously found putting countries under immense debts by giving them war supplies and money doesn’t always mean they’ll get paid back • So the lend-lease act was put in place, where any war equipment donated to the war cause would be returned when they weren’t needed • Millions of dollars of equipment were donated to Britain, and Hitler saw this as breaking of neutrality

23. 8 point Atlantic Charter • Policy written up by Britain and America and later agreed to by the remainder of the allies that showed their post-war goals • This policy unlike the Treaty of Versailles is known for setting goals rather than setting up what the post-war world should be like

24. Pearl Harbor • While the Americans knew that Japanese would be forced to declare war on them due to the embargoes we placed on their goods, we wouldn’t strike first • We knew the Japanese would strike somewhere in the pacific, but we assumed it would be the Philippines, not Pearl Harbor where it ended up being • They finally attacked December 7th, 1941 wiping out most of the U.S. naval fleet that was based there

25. Americans = mad • Most of America was strongly for staying neutral until this large strike by the Japanese • So in the end Pearl-Harbor was only a short-lived victory for them as it sent America into an angry burst into war, FDR declared war the next day with the whole country bleeding red, white, and blue