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Hinduism … The Plot Thickens ! . Dharma Duties . Patience ( dhriti ) F orgiveness ( kshama ) P iety or self control ( dama ) H onesty ( asteya ) S anctity ( shauch ) C ontrol of senses ( indraiya-nigrah ) R eason ( dhi ) K nowledge or learning ( vidya ) T ruthfulness ( satya )
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Dharma Duties • Patience (dhriti) • Forgiveness (kshama) • Piety or self control (dama) • Honesty (asteya) • Sanctity (shauch) • Control of senses (indraiya-nigrah) • Reason (dhi) • Knowledge or learning (vidya) • Truthfulness (satya) • Absence of anger (krodha). Dharmic laws govern not only the individual but all in society.
Dharma Disciplines • 1. Satya (Truth)2. Ahimsa (Non-violence)3. Brahmacharya(Celibacy, non-adultery)4. Asteya(No desire to possess or steal)5. Aparighara(Non-corrupt)6. Shaucha (Cleanliness)7. Santosh (Contentment)8. Swadhyaya(Reading of scriptures)9. Tapas (Austerity, perseverance, penance)10. Ishwarpranidhan(Regular prayers)
Changing Dharma • “Just as a doctor prescribes different medicines for different people according to their constitution and the nature of their disease, so also Hinduism prescribes different duties for different people.” • “Rules for women are different from the rules for men. The rules for different Varnas (castes) and Ashramas (the four stages of life) vary.” (“Understanding Hinduism”)
Universal Rules of Dharma There are four fundamental virtues that all Hindus are asked to adhere to regularly 1. Non-violence 2. Truth 3. Purity 4. Self-control Good dharma = Good karma
How does literature impact Dharma? “In the matter of Dharma, the Vedas are the ultimate authority. You cannot know the truth about Dharma through any source of knowledge other than the Vedas.” (“Understanding Hinduism”)
Mirror Image Theory The four stages of life may, somewhat improbably, be associated with the four parts of the Vedas:
Sikhism • The most important thing in Sikhism is the internal religious state of the individual. • Sikhism is a monotheistic religion • Sikhism stresses the importance of doing good actions rather than merely carrying out rituals • Sikhs believe that the way to lead a good life is to: • keep God in heart and mind at all times • live honestly and work hard • treat everyone equally • be generous to the less fortunate • serve others (“Overview of Sikhism”)