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Technological and Economic Improvements in Seawater Desalination Peter Waldron The Maritime Alliance Symposium San Diego

Technological and Economic Improvements in Seawater Desalination Peter Waldron The Maritime Alliance Symposium San Diego, CA January 28, 2011. Outline. Background Seawater Desalination Technology Improvements SWRO Costs Summary. Background. How did we get here? Population demand

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Technological and Economic Improvements in Seawater Desalination Peter Waldron The Maritime Alliance Symposium San Diego

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  1. Technological and Economic Improvements in Seawater Desalination Peter Waldron The Maritime Alliance Symposium San Diego, CA January 28, 2011 1

  2. Outline • Background • Seawater Desalination • Technology Improvements • SWRO Costs • Summary 2

  3. Background • How did we get here? • Population demand • 30 Million more people in past 10 years • Most growth has been along our coasts • Agricultural demand • Lack of available freshwater • Less than 1% of the water covering the earth is available • Drought 3

  4. Drought – Lake Mead 4

  5. Drought – Lake Mead 5

  6. Background • What’s been done so far? • Water Conservation • Reduced the per capita usage • Water Rationing • Water Reuse • Wastewater for irrigation • Non-potable applications • Salt water intrusion into aquifers 6

  7. Background • Membrane Desalination • Brackish Water Reverse Osmosis • Any source from 500 ppm to 10,000 ppm TDS • High color or organic content • Seawater Reverse Osmosis • San Simeon, Catalina Island, Morro Bay • Santa Barbara – 1992 • Sand City – 600,000 gpd - 2010 • Carlsbad - ?????? 7

  8. Santa Barbara 6.7 MGD SWRO Desalination Facility 8

  9. Barriers to Seawater Desalination • Capital Costs • Operating Costs • Energy Consumption • Environmentalists 9

  10. Capital Costs • Rule of Thumb • Process Equipment • $3 per gallon per day • Permitting, Site Preparation, Intake, Outfall • $2 per gallon per day • Total of $5 per gallon per day • Example – Santa Barbara - $35M 10

  11. Capital Costs • Economies of Scale • Projects have gotten larger (Magtaa, Algeria – 125 MGD) • Increased Competition 11

  12. Capital Costs • Project Delivery Method • BOO – Build, Own, Operate • DBO – Design, Build, Operate • EPC – Engineering, Procurement, Construction • Transfer of Risk • Financing • Global economic downturn 12

  13. Desalination Costs Capital Expense 43% • Operating Expense • 57% 13

  14. Office 3% • Parts Replacement • 13% • Power • 41% • OperatingMargin • 17% Perth Seawater Desalination Plant 2008 • Labor, G&A • 9% • Membranes • 8% • Chemical /Consumables • 9% Operating Cost - Breakdown 14

  15. Permeate Distribution 7% Permeate Treatment 1% • Pre-filtration • 8% • Intake • 15% • ReverseOsmosis Process • 68% Power Use Breakdown - SWRO Source: Affordable Desalination Collaboration, 2008 RO power consumption is approximately 20% (up to 45%) of total SWRO cost 15

  16. Technology Advancements • Energy recovery devices (ERDs) • RO Elements • Pressure Vessels • Pumps • Antiscalents • Pretreatment 16

  17. Development of ERDs 1980 2000 2010 1990 Rotary Exchanger Turbocharger Francis Turbine Dyprex Piston Exchanger Pelton Turbine 17

  18. 8 No ERD 7 Francis Turbine 6 5 Pelton Wheel 4 3 Isobaric Device 2 1 0 Affect of Power Consumption Jeddah I Las Palmas kWh/m3 Trinidad Perth 2009 1980 2000 18

  19. 8 7 6 5 4 kWh/m3 3 2 1 0 First Pass RO Energy Consumption Thermodynamic Minimum Baseline EnergyRecovery Other EnergyImprovements FutureImprovements 19

  20. RO Membrane Improvements • Salt Rejection • 99.8% • Surface Area • 440 sq. ft. • Operating Pressures • 850 – 900 psi 20

  21. High Pressure Pump Improvements • Efficiency • > 90% • Materials of Construction • Super Duplex Alloys • Zeron 100 • AL6XN 21

  22. Pressure Vessel Improvements • Side Port Vessels • Eliminated J-bends • Simplified assembly • Large diameter ports • 3” and 4” • Further cost reduction Advanced Design Traditional Design 22

  23. Pressure Vessels 23

  24. Chemicals • Antiscalents, Biocides • Reduction of fouling • Longer membrane life • Cleaners • Restore performance to like new condition • Environmentally friendly 24

  25. Pretreatment • Membrane Pretreatment • Ultrafiltration (UF) • Microfiltration (MF) 25

  26. Desalination Prices 26

  27. Landmark Projects • Year 1 Pricing *Not yet awarded 27

  28. Desalination Pricing • Average transfer price of $2.00 per kgal • $0.002 per gallon • Cost of bottled water • $1 per pint • Equivalent to $8 per gallon 28

  29. Desalination in the U.S. • What will it take? 29

  30. Summary • SWRO costs are comparable with development of new water sources • SWRO is an important part of any long term water management program • Global examples of how it works 30

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  33. Thank you for your time! Questions? 33

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