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Irrigating Bioenergy Crops with Alternative Waters

Irrigating Bioenergy Crops with Alternative Waters. Irrigación con aguas alternativas de cultivos bioenergeticos. Genhua Niu Texas A&M AgriLife Research & Extension Center at El Paso,TX . USA. Poblacion mundial. Tierras arables per capita en decremento. Consumo de petróleo por país.

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Irrigating Bioenergy Crops with Alternative Waters

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  1. Irrigating Bioenergy Crops with Alternative Waters Irrigación con aguas alternativas de cultivos bioenergeticos Genhua Niu Texas A&M AgriLifeResearch & Extension Center at El Paso,TX. USA

  2. Poblacion mundial

  3. Tierras arables per capita en decremento

  4. Consumo de petróleo por país

  5. Reservas de petróleo por país

  6. Why Bioenergy ? Porque bioenergía_ • Non-renewable energy is diminishing • Energiarenovableestadisminuyendo • Energy supply is an economic issue • El suministro de energiaeseconomico • Energy is an environmental issue • Energiaestemaambiental • Energy access is a global issue • El acceso a la energiaes un problema global • Renewable bioenergy production is imperative • Esurgente, la produccion de bioenergiarenovable !

  7. Que es Bioenergia_ What is bioenergy? • Bioenergy is the conversion of biomass to useful energy carrier (fuels, heat, electricity). • Bioenergiaes la conversion de biomasa a energiautil • It is renewable. • Esrenovable

  8. Total Bioenergy Production (Thousand Barrels Per Day) Total de producción de bioenergia Source: International Energy Annual

  9. Produccion de bioenergia Production of bioenergy • Land • Tierra • Water • Agua

  10. Monitor americano de sequia

  11. Monitor americano de sequia

  12. Rainfall in Northern Mexico (inches/year) Lluvias en el noreste de México

  13. Can we grow bioenergy crops in marginal lands with alternative waters? • Puedencrecer los cultivosbioenergeticosen tierrasmarginadas con aguasalternativas? • Proper species selection is key to success. • La seleccion de especiesapropiadas • es la clave para el exito

  14. Producing bioenergy crops in marginal lands Prduciendocultivosbioenergeticos en tierrasmarginales • Marginal lands are located mostly at the edge of desert, in arid and semi-arid region. • Tierrasmarginalesestanlocalizadas mas cerca de los desiertos en regions aridas y semi-aridas • Growing bioenergy crops brings income for local community. • Produciendobioenergiatraeingresos para lascomunidades locales

  15. Issues in Marginal Lands Caracteristicas de lastierrasmarginadas • Groundwater quality • calidad del aguasubterranea • Soil salinity salinidad del suelo • Salt tolerant crops Cultivostolerantes a la salinidad Marginal Lands

  16. High soil salinityCausas de altasalinidad en suelos • Low quality irrigation water • Baja calidad de agua de riego • Climate (e.g. low rainfall, high ET) • Clima (ej. Baja precipitacion, altaevapotranspiracion) • Sea water intrusion • Filtracion de agua de mar • Road-side de-icing salts • Uso de sales para derretir la nieve en carreteras

  17. What are Alternative WatersCuales son lasaguaslaternativas • Groundwater • aguassubterraneas • Agricultural drainage water • Drenaje de aguaagricola • Municipal recycled (reclaimed) water • Agua municipal reciclada (tratadas)

  18. Water Quality/SalinityCalidad del agua/salinidad • Salinity is the saltiness or the dissolved salt content of water or soil. • Salinidades la sal o el contenido de saldisuelta en el agua o suelo • Primary concern of water quality for irrigation is salinity level. • La principal preocupacion de la calidad del agua para riegoes el nivel de salinidad • The individual chemical constituents: Cations---Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+, H+, Anions---Clˉ, HCO3ˉ, CO32- NO3ˉ, and SO42-

  19. Measurement of SalinityMedicion de la salinidad • In agriculture, the overall salinity is the determination of electrical conductivity of a water (ECw) or soil extract (ECe) • En agricultura, la salinidad total es la determinacion de la conductividadelectrica • Reporting unit is dS/m or mmhos/cm. • La unidadesdS/m or mmhos/cm.

  20. EC vs. TDS • Total dissolved solids (salts) (TDS): ppm (or mg/L) • Total de solidosdisueltos (sales) (TDS): ppm (o mg/L). • Relationship between EC and TDS (roughly, depending on composition): • Relacion entre EC y TDS (dependiendo en la composicion) TDS = EC x 640 (EC < 5 dS/m) TDS = EC x 800 (EC > 5 dS/m)

  21. EC of “common waters”CE del aguacomun • Fresh waterEC < 0.8 dS/m aguacomun • Tap water EC varies agua municipal varia la CE El Paso tap water EC is 0.8 – 1.1 dS/m agua potable de El Paso • Reclaimed water EC is 1.3 to 2.0 dS/m aguatratada • Sea water EC is 37 - 62 dS/m agua de mar

  22. Salt Tolerance AssessmentEvaluacion de la tolerancia a la salinidad • Time showing foliar damage • Tiempo del sintoma de dano foliar • Degree of damage • Grado del dano • Growth reduction (time and degree) • Reduccion del crecimiento (tiempo y grado) • Physiological responses: osmotic potential, water relation, Ion uptake, gas exchange, etc. • Respuestafisiologica: potencialosmotico, relacionagua, absorcion mineral, intercambio de gases

  23. Greenhouse salt tolerance study Estudio de tolerancia a sales en invernadero

  24. Field studies: salt & drought tolerance; irrigation management with elevated salts Estudios en campo: tolerancia a salinidad y sequia; manejo del riego con sales elevadas

  25. Factors affecting salt toleranceFactoresqueafectan la tolerancia a sales • Genetic- species, cultivars, breeding lines, etc. • Genetica:especies, variedades, lineasmejoradas, etc. • Environment: temperature, light, humidity, wind speed, etc. • Medioambiente: temperature, luz, humedad, velocidad del viento • Soil/substrate:Soil physical and chemical property, soil moisture, drainage. • Suelo/sustrato:fisica y quimica de suelos, hmedad del suelo y drenaje • Irrigation: method, frequency, and amount • Irrigacion: metodo, frecuencia y cantidad

  26. General response of plants to salinityRespuestasgenerales de lasplantas a la salinidad • Stunt growth achaparramiento • Foliar damage dano foliar • Excessive accumulation of toxic ions; nutrient unbalance; death • Acumulacionexcesiva de ionestoxicos, desbalancenutricional, muerte • Abnormal metabolism – reflected in changes in physiological parameters. • Metabolismoanormal-reflejado en cambios en parametrosfisiologicos

  27. Selection of salt tolerant bioenergy crops Seleccion de cultivosbioenergeticos a la tolerancia de sales

  28. Potential Bioenergy Crops Potencial de los cultivosbionergeticos

  29. Potential Bioenergy Crops

  30. TAMU Bioenergy Research Initiatives Iniciativas de investigacion de bioenergia en la Universidad de Texas A&M • Development and evaluation of bioenergy crops, in order to: desarrollo y evaluacion de cultivos de bionergia para: • Minimize inputs minimizar • Drought and salt tolerance & pest resistance • Tolerancia a sales y sequia y Resistencia a pesticidas • Maximize outputs maximizar • Biomass or sugar • Biomasa o azucar • Evaluation of residue feedstocksEvaluacion de residuos de establos • Cotton gin by-products plantadespepitadora dealgodon y subproductos • Corn stover & rice hulls esquilmos de maiz y cascara de arroz • Forest residue residuoforestal

  31. El Paso Research Center El Centro de El Paso, TX • Collaborated with TAMU colleagues • colaboracion con colegas de la Universidad de Texas A&M • Evaluated salt tolerance of a number of bioenergy crops: • Evaluaciones de tolerancia a salinidad de varioscultivos de bionergia • Castor higuerilla • Cotton algodon • Jatrophajatrofa • Maize Maiz • Sorghum sorgo • Switchgrass • Oilseed crops oleaginosas

  32. Castor (RicinuscommunisL.)higuerilla

  33. Ricinuscommunis L. • Euphorbiaceae (spurge family) • Beautiful ornamental plant • Atractivapalnta ornamental • High yield of castor fruits • Alto rendimiento de frutos de higuerilla • Unique fatty acid composition in castor oil • Compisicionunica de acidosgrasos en susaceites

  34. Objective • To determine the salt tolerance of 6 • genotypes: • Determinar la tolerancia a sales de 6 genotipos • ‘Brigham’, ‘Energia’, ‘Hale’, ‘Memphis’, ‘Ultra dwarf’, and ‘HCastor’

  35. Brigham Energia Hale Memphis HCastor Ultra dwarf

  36. Response ParametersParametros de respuesta • Height altura • Number of inflorescences • Numero de inflorescencias • Shoot and fruit dry weight • Peso seco de brotes y frutos • Gas exchange (CIRAS-2) • Intercambio de gases • Ion concentration (ICP-OES and IC) • Concentracion de iones

  37. Height (cm) altura 50% 39% 51% 44% 40% 38%

  38. Number of inflorescencesNumero de inflorescencias 36% 41% 71% 57% 41% 53%

  39. Dry weight of shoot (g)Peso seco de brotes 74% 70% 75% 78% 60% 71%

  40. Dry weight of fruits (g)Peso seco de frutos 65% 57% 66% 78% 55% 60%

  41. Ion concentration (mg/g)Concentracion de iones *** *** *** *

  42. Summary • No visual foliar damage was observed. • No danosfoliares visuals fueobservado • Salt treatment decreased the growth. • El tratamientosalinodisminuyo el crecimiento • Salt treatment reduced the photosynthesis. • El tratamientosalinoredujo la fotosintesis • Salt treatment increased leaf Na+, Ca2+, and Cl- contents, while decreased K+ concentration. Se incremento el contenido de Na+, Ca2+, y Cl- , mientrasdisminuyo la concentracion de K+ • ‘Memphis’ was more tolerant to salinity than other cultivars. • La variedad Memphis fue mas tolerante a la salinidadquelasotras var.

  43. Industrial Crops and Products Productos y cultivosindustriales

  44. Concluding Remarks • It is always possible to find more salt tolerant genotypes. • Siempreesposibleencontrar mas genotipostolerantes a sales • Yield/growth may be reduced, but still worth trying. • El rendimiento/crecimientopuedeserreducido, pero vale la penaseguirtratando • Potential challenges: economic analysis. • Retospotenciales: analisiseconomicos

  45. AcknowledgementAgradecimientos • Dr. Youping Sun (TAMU), Dr. Pedro Osuna (Universidad Autónoma De Ciudad Juárez), Students from UTEP and EPCC • TAMU Bioenergy Research Initiative

  46. Contact Information Genhua Niu, Ph.D. Associate Professor Texas AgriLfie Research at El Paso Texas A&M University gniu@ag.tamu.edu

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