Unit 2: The Revolution

1. Unit 2: The Revolution

2. Goals of Unit: • To recognize that colonial culturetook on distinct American qualities in such areas as religion, education, press freedom, and self-government. • To be able to explain why the colonies began to thrive economically, their mercantilist relationships with England became strained. • To understand why England’s territorial clashes with other European powers to protect the colonies, actually hurt their relationship with the colonists. • To identify the reasons for England’s series of taxes and restrictions, the effects these had on colonial unity, and how the political, diplomatic, and rebellious responses of the colonists helped lead to a revolution. • To be able to explain why a small, weak, and unorganized army of rebel colonists were able to win their independence from one of the most powerful empires in the world.

3. Day One: Introduce Unit GOAL OF TODAY: To understand how the culture and customs in the colonies transformed over time and signaled a split from English identity.

4. Colonial Society in the 1700s • Most populated colonies were Mass, Penn, Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina • 9/10 colonists lived in rural areas • New racial makeup in the colonies (% by 1775) • 6% German (Lutherans) – “Pennsylvania Dutch” • 7% Scots-Irish • Squatters, “lawless”, fierce, independent • March of the Paxton Boys (1764), Regulator Movement in North Carolina • 5% Assorted European groups: French Huguenots, Welsh, Dutch, Swedes, Jews, Swiss, Irish • Races start to mingle

5. Colonial Society in the 1700s • Mid 1700s – Richest 10% owned about 2/3 of the wealth • Class system especially present in the south • Professions developing: • Clergy most honored and powerful • Physicians and medical care outdated and ineffective (malpractice common) • First medical school not opened until 1765 • Lawyers not much used or respected • Great orators, defenders of law… • Roads slow and dangerous • Ineffective inter-colonial mail system

6. Colonial Society in the 1700s • Agriculture leading industry (90%) • Fishing less profitable • Lumbering a large industry as well • Triangular Trade • Britain can’t keep up with colonists’ demand • Leads to a trade imbalance… • Colonists’ start looking towards foreign markets • 1733 – Molasses Act – taxed non-British imports of molasses • Colonists smuggled

7. Colonial Society in the 1700s • Religious tolerance increasing • Anglican and Congregational Churches become the two most dominant • Anglican (Church of England) • Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, parts of NY • Sermons opposite of “jeremiads” • College of William and Mary (1693) • Trained young bishops • Congregational Church • Spawned from Puritan church • Spread in all of New England (except Rhode Island)

8. The Great Awakening • Churches losing influence, followers • 1730s-1740s: The First Great Awakening • Jonathan Edwards and George Whitfield • Fiery preachers using scare tactics • Faith through God brings salvation, not doing good • “old lights” skeptical of “new lights” • Results in a revitalization of religion in America • Leads to opening of Princeton, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth as “new light” centers

9. Colonial Society in the 1700s • Art and architecture becoming popular • Art • John Trumbell, Charles Wilson Peale • Some had to finish studying in England • Architecture combined old world and new American influence • Log cabins from Sweden • Red brick “Georgian” style in 1720 • Colonial literature – average • Ben Franklin – leading literary figure, scientist • “Poor Richard’s Almanack” • John Peter Zenger – NY newspaper printer goes to trial for slandering a NY governor • Found not guilty… • Freedom of Press

10. Colonial Politics • By 1775: • 8 colonies had royal governors (appt by king) • 3 (Maryland, Delaware, Penn) under proprietors who chose governors • 2 – (Conn, Rhode Island) elected own governors • 2 house legislative body common • Upper house (council) appt by the crown or proprietors • Lower house (popular branch) elected by the people • Self taxation with representation • Who could vote? • White, male, landowners

11. Day 2: Clash of Empires GOAL OF TODAY: To understand how and why the presence of three major European power in the Americas would lead to a struggle for power for each, and how the wars affected the colonists.

12. France in Canada • France late in colonizing North America • Had internal social problems: Catholics vs. Protestants • 1598 – Edict of Nantes • Grants limited religious freedom to French Huguenots (Protestants) • 1608 – King Louis XIV interested in new world • Quebec formed and lead by Samuel de Champlain • “New France” under direct control of French crown, no representation

13. New France • One valuable resource: • Beavers (fur trapping) • French begin to spread: • Detroit (1701) by Antoine Cadillac • Louisiana (1682) by Robert de La Salle • New Orleans in 1718 • Illinois – produced grain – “garden empire” • Baton Rouge, Des Moines, Grand Teton

14. Clash of Empires • King William’s War (1689-1697) and Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • Struggle for territory • English colonists vs. French fur-trappers, Indians and some Spanish • No “real” troops used • French and Spanish beaten badly • Wars end with treaty • British gain Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay, limited trading rights in Spanish America

15. War of Jenkins’s Ear (1739) • “King George’s War in America” • English Captain had ear cut off by Spanish commander • Britain vs. Spain fought mostly in the Caribbean sea and Georgia • French joins Spanish side • English capture Ft. Louisborg, Nova Scotia • Was captured by New England colonists • 1748 – Treaty signed • England then gives Ft. Louisborg back to French • Outraged New Englanders

16. Causes of French & Indian War • Past wars had been largely indecisive and insignificant in regards to territory possession • The fertileness of the Ohio Valley discovered • Desired by both the French and English colonies

17. 1754 – The French set up Ft. Duquesne to claim the Ohio Valley • (Pittsburgh) • Virginia governor sends young Major George Washington and a militia of 150 to claim the fort

18. Washington and his men shoot and kill French officer near Duquesne • GW hastily builds Ft. Necessity • Overtaken by vengeful French forces • Use of guerilla warfare (“Indian style”) • GW surrenders, returns to Virginia

19. Other causes of war • Fearing an uprising, British evict French citizens of Nova Scotia (formerly French-owned Acadia) • They were displaced far from Acadia • Many to New Orleans • “Cajuns” • Acadian + Injun = Cajun

20. Day 3: French and Indian War GOAL OF TODAY: To understand how a major war between England and France would actually alienate the colonists from their English protectors.

21. War begins… • The French & Indian War (1754-1763) • AKA “Seven Years War” (globally) In America: • English troops & American colonists & few native tribes vs. • French troops & French colonists & more native tribes In Europe: • England & Prussia (Germany) & Portugal vs. • France, Spain, Austria, Russia

23. Colonies Unite? • To unite or not? • 1754 – 7 of 13 colonies meet in Albany Congress (NY) • Ben Franklin led debates urging for unity • Eventually unsuccessful… • Colonies didn’t want to give up their sovereignty and power • Significance? • First step towards colonial unity

24. Braddock’s Defeat • 1755 – English send General Edward Braddock to conquer Ft. Duquesne • Braddock’s men ambushed en route by French and Indian forces using guerilla warfare tactics (“Indian style)” • Braddock refused to adapt and fight back Indian style • Ends up being killed in the battle • His aide, Washington fights back using guerilla tactics and avoids total defeat • Effects? • Realization that guerilla warfare was superior • Indian uprisings along the borders of the English colonies

25. French and Indian War • English mistakes in war – nearing defeat • Braddock fails • Attacks on French posts in Canada fail • William Pitt takes over (1757) • Plan: • Fight less in French West Indies • Turn attention to Quebec and Montreal • Hired newer, younger, daring officers

26. Step One: Capture Ft. Louisborg (1758) Significance: Cuts off supplies and reinforcements from France

27. Step Two: Quebec • James Wolfe – British general chosen to capture Quebec • 1759 – Battle of Quebec • Quebec protected by cliffs • Wolfe leads men up cliffs to surprise French • Defeats the French on Plains of Abraham next to Quebec • Wolfe and Marquis de Montcalm (French general) both killed • With Louisborg and Quebec fallen, Montreal surrenders in 1760 • French doomed in America

28. Treaty of Paris - 1763 • Results: • France gives up all land in North America • France keeps sugar plantations in West Indies and two St. Lawrence islands • France forced to give Louisiana territory to Spain • Britain takes Florida from Spain

29. Aftermath of War • France kicked out of North America • Spain weakened • Indian and slave difficulties in Florida • Colonists free to move westward (up to the Mississippi River) • Indian land shrinking fast • Ottawan uprising in Ohio Valley ruthlessly obliterated (Pontiac’s Uprising of 1763) • Daniel Boone leads settlers into Tennessee and Kentucky • Proclamation Line of 1763 • Whites could not settle west of Appalachian Mountains • Colonists outraged, ignore decree • British and Colonists feud growing

30. Effects of War in Colonies • Confidence boost for Britain and colonies • British not invincible • Social friction between British and colonists emerges • British see colonists as boors, scum • British don’t trust colonists • Colonists had traded with enemies • Some colonists wouldn’t fight without pay • Colonies realizing their commonness

31. Day 4: Dissention Brewing GOAL OF TODAY: To understand how and why the English passed certain taxes and restrictions on the colonies, and what the results of these act were.

32. Already Independent from England? • Geographically removed • Generationally distant • Felt separated – “more advanced” • Own political system emerging • republicanism: citizens elect representatives to govern them • “radical Whigs” • Political party in England critical of how king would appoint positions (nepotism, bribery, corruption) • Influenced American philosophy of government

33. Mercantilism • Mercantilism – economic theory that in order to have a positive gold flow (expanding their economy) a country had to export more than it imported. • Colonies established so that mother country had source of cheap raw materials • monopolized markets for their manufactured goods. • (England → American Colonies) • Navigation Acts – 1650 • established a mercantilist relationship between England and its’ colonies. • Trade to & from America had to be on English ships. • The colonies had to purchase all manufactured goods from England. • Raw materials from the colonies had to be sold to England. • Americans were forbidden to manufacture any goods on a large scale.

34. Navigation Act in America • Navigation Act not enforced in America until 1763 – “salutary neglect” • Geographic separation • British indifference • Smuggling • Prime Minister Grenville • Once enforced… • Held back American growth to keep below British • Americans felt exploited by system

35. New Acts and Taxes on America • Britain has large debt after wars • Sugar Act (1764) • Taxed sugar to raise revenue in Britain • After American protest, tax is lowered • Quartering Act (1765) • Colonists forced to provide food and shelter for British troops at anytime

36. The Stamp Act (1765) • Only stamps with proof of tax payment or authorized stamped paper legal to use • Legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, marriage licenses, playing cards • Purpose was to support a new large British military to protect the colonies • Americans outraged and protested • Skeptical – what enemy? • Grenville wants Americans to pay fair share • “Taxation without representation”

37. Stamp Act Congress (1765) • 27 delegates from 9 colonies assemble in NYC, made formal protests: • Non-importation agreements • Pledged to boycott British goods • Drew up a “Declaration of Rights and Grievances” against Parliament and the crown • Informal protests: • Colonists boycotting British goods • Attacking tax collectors • Stealing from British officials • Parliament repeals Stamp Act in 1766 • Then passed Declaratory Act stating England still ruled completely over the colonies…

38. Townshend Tea Tax (1767) • Taxes paper, lead, paint, and tea • “Indirect tax” – price was included in the good (hidden) • Comparatively smaller protests arose • “Overreaction” to protests by British leads to • Suspension of NY legislature • British troops sent to rowdy Boston to enforce laws… • Admiralty courts – no juries, guilty until proven innocent

39. Day 5: GOAL OF TODAY: To understand how the American Revolution started and what major events led to it’s outbreak.

40. Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770 • 10 redcoats open fire on crowd of 60 colonists protesting in Boston – 11 die • Crispus Attucks – ex-slave killed becomes martyr • 2 redcoats found guilty of manslaughter in following trial • Punishment: branded on the hand • Colonists outraged

41. Seditious Committees of Correspondence • 1770s – Townshend Acts largely unsuccessful • King George III & Prime Minister Lord North • Repeal Townshend tax, except for tea • Samuel Adams - Committees of Correspondence • Letter-writing network • Spreads news, information – organization

42. Boston Tea Party • In 1773, British East India Company • Financial trouble, overstock of tea • Granted tea monopoly in America • Colonists saw it as a hidden tax • “Taxation without representation” • December 16, 1773 • Led by Samuel Adams • Group of men invaded the harbor, dumped 350 chests of tea • Valued at about $1,000,000 • Reaction mixed: Some cheered, some considered it anarchism

43. “Intolerable Acts” • British reaction to Boston Tea Party: • 1774 – Repressive Acts • AKA “Intolerable Acts” 1. Boston Port Act shuts down Boston harbor • Huge financial blow to colonies 2. Massachusetts charter revoked 3. Americans right to assemble and rule limited 4. British criminals in America had preferential treatment • 1774 – Quebec Act • Benefits French-Canadians living in British America • Colonists outraged by each part of the act 1. Guaranteed religious tolerance – Catholicism • Threat to American Protestantism 2. French could have trial without juries • Threat to American court systems 3. French allowed to settle in Ohio Valley • Proclamation Line of 1763 • Americans already beat French for rights to land

44. First Continental Congress • Philadelphia (Fall of 1774) • 12 of 13 colonies present • Motives: • Not demanding independence • List of grievances to London • Declaration of Rights • Meeting adjourned with plan to reconvene in 1775 if London doesn’t change laws and acts

45. Shot Heard ‘Round the World • Lexington, Mass – April 1775 • British soldiers march from Boston to Concord to confiscate weapons and arrest rebel leaders John Hancock and Sam Adams • “Minutemen” assembled and tried to stop the British troops in Lexington • Standoff ensues, first shots of war were fired • British fight off Minutemen, march on • Minutemen reassemble, block bridge into Concord • British turn around, begin to march back • Minutemen ambush and pick off British troops the whole way back using guerilla style of warfare

46. Day 6: War Begins GOAL OF TODAY: To understand the advantages and disadvantages for both the British and the colonists during this war and analyze how they played out as the war started.

47. Advantages: 7.5 million people Dominant navy, wealth Hired German mercenaries “Hessians” 50,000 Loyalist Americans Disadvantages: International conflicts already present Ireland, threat of France British apathy, sympathy Pitt Geographically isolated Subpar officers in America Advantages: Better leadership Washington, Ben Franklin French aid Guns, supplies, money Troops, navy later Fighting for freedom Geography Familiar with land Defending land, not conquering it No central capital for British to capture Disadvantages: 2 million people only Lack of money and wealth No navy – French aid would have to beat British navy War Begins

48. America’s Weakness • Supplies and money very limited • Soldiers trained quickly and poorly • Many deserted • Baron von Steuben hired • Drillmaster from Prussia brought to help • African-American population split in war • Barred from fighting at first • Some fought for British, promised freedom • American apathy • Farmers in remote locations not interested in fighting • Merchants favored British • Brits paid in gold, Colonists paid in paper currency soon to be worthless • “Minority war” • Small population dedicated themselves to the cause, fought

49. War Begins • After Lexington and Concord – minutemen and patriots calling for war • Second Continental Congress meets (Philadelphia, May 1775) • Plan: Pursue peace, but prepare for war • Actions: • Sends another list of grievances • Raises money for army, navy • Appoints Washington general of continental army

50. First Battles • May 1775 • Benedict Arnold, Ethan Allen lead “Green Mountain Boys” raided two British forts in Vermont • Ft. Ticonderoga • Crown Point • Significance? • Colonists acquire weaponry from British forts