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Final Exam and Retakes

Final Exam and Retakes. There are no retakes allowed after the final exam. You are allowed as many retakes on exams prior to the final. Show me evidence of practice With the exceptions of a few graded labs, there will be no other chances to raise your grade. Our Goal for May 5 th.

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Final Exam and Retakes

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  1. Final Exam and Retakes • There are no retakes allowed after the final exam. • You are allowed as many retakes on exams prior to the final. • Show me evidence of practice • With the exceptions of a few graded labs, there will be no other chances to raise your grade.

  2. Our Goal for May 5th • 80% pass rate! • NO one gets a 1!

  3. Types of Pollutants • Primary Pollutants • Those released directly into the lower atmosphere and are toxic • Ex: Carbon Monoxide • Secondary Pollutants • Those that are formed by the combination of primary pollutants in the atmosphere • Ex: Acid Rain (SO2 + H2O) • Stationary sources (Power Plant) vs. moving sources (cars) • Point-source vs. non-point source

  4. The Dirty Half Dozen • The original US Clean Air Act identifies 6 of the most important air pollutants: • Ground-level Ozone (smog) • Particulate Matter • Sulfur Dioxide • Nitrogen Oxides • Lead • Carbon Monoxide

  5. Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Odorless, colorless gas that’s typically released as a by-product of incompletely burned organic material (such as fossil fuels). • Hemoglobin has a higher affinity for CO than oxygen. • Hence if you’re exposed to too much CO, then you will suffocate.

  6. Nitrous Oxide (NO and NO2) • NO2 is formed when nitrogen and oxygen react as a result of high temperatures • This happens in combustion engines (cars) • NO2 is a component of smog and acid precipitation.

  7. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) • Is a colorless gas with a suffocating odor. • It is typically released in the air through the combustion of coal. • Scrubbers help clean the smoke of SO2 • SO2 is also released with metal smelting, paper pulping, and the burning of FF. • In the air, SO2 reacts with water to form acid rain.

  8. Particulate Matter (PM) • Not a gas, but small particles of solid or liquid material. • When breathed in, they act as irritants. • Examples: Soot (black carbon) and sulfate aerosols.

  9. Ozone (O3) • “Good up high (stratosphere), bad nearby (troposphere)” • Tropospheric O3 is a powerful respiratory irritant and precursor to secondary air pollutants. • It is formed in the Tropo from the interaction of VOCs, NOx, heat, and sunlight.

  10. Industrial Smog (Gray Smog) • Worst pollution-related incident resulted in death of 10,000+ city dwellers in London (1952) from the following afflictions: • Pneumonia • Tuberculosis • Heart failure • Bronchitis • Current problem: Beijing, China • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIRkax6WUwQ

  11. Industrial Smog: Causes • Associated with the burning of oil or coal. • When CO2 and CO are released in the process of combustion, they combine with particulate matter in the atmosphere to produce smog. • Formation of smog is increased by thermal inversions and fog.

  12. Photochemical (Brown) Smog • Formed on hot, sunny days in urban areas. • NOx + VOCs + O3 Photochemical Smog • LA and Athens are very susceptible cities because they’re located in a basin

  13. Thermal Inversion • Air pollutants become trapped over cities because they are not able to rise into the atmosphere.

  14. How Thermal Inversions Work • In an inversion, the air above the city is warm, and blocks the polluted air from rising. • The polluted air remains trapped and can cause respiratory problems. • Inversions usually occur in cities that are surrounded by mountains, but they can happen in any city where large masses of warm air become stalled.

  15. Acid Precipitation • Occurs as a result of pollution in the atmosphere; primarily SO2 and NOx

  16. pH & Acid Rain • Normal rainwater: pH of 5.6 • Acid rain: pH as low as 2.3

  17. Flashback Question • A solution with a pH of 5.6 is how many times more acid than a solution with a pH of 2.6?

  18. The Effects of Acid Rain • Leaching of some minerals from the soil • Increasing the aluminum concentration in soil to levels that are toxic to plants. • Leaching calcium ions from the needles of conifers • Elevating the aluminum concentration in lakes to levels that are toxic to fish. • Lowering the pH of lakes and streams • Damaging all types of rocks, including statues, monuments, and buildings.

  19. How Can We Reduce Our Personal Contributions of air pollutants • Use vehicles as few as possible • Bike, walk, carpool • Keep vehicle maintained • Oil changes, tune-ups, faulty mufflers

  20. Reading Quiz 18-1 • 1) 5-across • 2) 25-across • 3) 23-down • 4) 26-down

  21. Indoor Air Pollution • Sick Building Syndrome • Volatile Organic Compounds • Tobacco Smoke • Radon • Fungi and Bacteria

  22. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) • Situations in which building occupants experience acute health and comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a building, but no specific cause can be identified. • Single-room vs. entire building

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