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2. INTRODUCTION • Pulmonary aspergillosis is a hot topic. • These infections are not unusual, especially in the context of chronic obstructive pulmonary and immune depressed about. • The diagnosis can be strongly evoked in front of several radiological imaging. • CT is more sensitive than plain films in the detection of occult or small lesion and more accurate in delineating the extent of disease and number of aspergillomas. • Confident diagnosis is difficult, it is based on cytological and histological.

3. OBJECTIVES: • Show the interest of the scanner in the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis. • Show radiological aspects of different forms. • Underpin suggestive radiological aspects.

4. BACKGROUND • Pulmonary aspergillosis is a mycotic infection caused most of the times by Aspergillus Fumigatus, an ubiquitous soil fungus acquired by inhaling its spores. • When we talk about aspergillosis we are referring to a spectrum of radiologic and clinical manifestations that depend directly of the immunological state of the patient and the virulence of the organism. • We can distinguish 4 types of pulmonary aspergillosis. • • Aspergilloma (saprophytic aspergillosis) • • Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) • • Semi-invasive or chronic necrotizing aspergillosis • • Invasive aspergillosis (which can be divided into airway invasive and angioinvasive forms).

5. MATERIALS AND METHODS: • A retrospective study involving 30 patients collected for department of radiology and lung diseases over 3 years. • Median age is 41 years (22- 67 years). • Chest CT scan was performed without injection of contrast and fine reformatted reconstructions in all patients. Bell in front of a picture, another acquisition in the prone position was performed. Histological confirmation was performed in all patients.

6. RESULTS: Various underlying lung diseases: COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

7. RESULTS: • radiographic and CT findings were abnormal in all patients. • A preoperativediagnosis of aspergilloma considering : • Their radiological examination in 20 cases. • Radiological examination and isolation of Aspergillusfumigatus, in the bronchial aspirate in 2 cases. • A postoperative diagnosis of aspergilloma in 8 cases.

8. RESULTS: • The spectrum of CT finding were: • Aspergilloma with air crescent sign in 7 cases. • Bronchectasis in 4 cases. • Chronic consolidation in 15 cases. • Multiples nodules with progressive cavitation 18 cases. • Hydropneumothorax in 2 cases. • Abcess in 1 case. • Lung destruction in 3 cases.

9. Supine a a Prone b b Saprophytic aspergillom. Supine (a)and prone (b) MDCT scans with lung windows show a gravity dependent intracavitary mass

10. C D C : axial CT shows Aspergilloma in 55 years old women identified air crescent upper lobe associated to a segmental area of consolidation surrounded by areas of ground-glass attenuation A D: axial CT shows a consolidation in the right lower lobe with a central area of Cavitation, the diagnosis of aspergilloma was considered, post opératory diagnosis was lung carcinoma. A: Sagittal view shown two right upper lobe aspergillomas associated with bronchiectasis B: Bronchoscopic image shows elevated whitish nodular lesions in the trachea consistent with endobronchial growth of Aspergillus B

11. RESULTS: • Aspergilloma: • Aspergillusinfection in immunocompetent host. • The most common underlying causes: Tuberculosis, Sarcoidosis, Emphysema, Bronchiectasis, Pneumoconiosis, Fibrotic lung disease, Neoplasm, Pulmonary infarction, Bronchogenic cyst, Pulmonary sequestration and Pneumatocelessecondary to Pneumocystisjiroveciipneumonia. • single, or multiples ones and it occurs predominantly in the upper lobes. • Clinical manifestation of aspergilloma is hemoptysis.

12. RESULTS: • Aspergilloma: • Chest radiographs and CT scans show: • A lung cavity containing a solid rounded mass which is separated from the wall by a rim of air. This feature is called the "air crescent"sign. • Another common feature is the thickening of the cavity wall and the adjacent pleura. • This fungus ball may be mobile. • The differential diagnosis : • Hematoma. • Neoplasm. • Abscess, Hydatid cyst. • Wegener granulomatosis.

13. Chest radiography: Posteroanteriorradiographschest shows Upper lobe opacitysurrounded by air crescent: fungusballwithin a cavity. CT: * ^ a c b Chest CT « a » axial « b » coronal shows a fungusballwithincavity air cresecent Surroundedthiscavity, the Chest CT shows alsobronchiesctasis « * »associated and multiples basal centrilobular nodules « ^ ».

14. RESULTS: • Allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis (ABPA): • Characterized by the presence of fleeting dense plugs of mucus, hyphaes and eosinophils in lung parenchyma due to deposition of immune complexes and inflammatory cells within the segmental and subsegmental bronchi. • ABPA represents a hypersensitivity reaction to Aspergillusoccurring almost exclusively in long-standing bronchial asthma patients and occasionally as a complication of cystic fibrosis.

15. RESULTS: • Allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis (ABPA): • Clinically : wheezing, cough and fever. • Eosinophilia and elevated serum IgE levels are typically found and they can suggest the diagnosis. • Initial radiologic manifestations: • Transitory pulmonary opacities (deposition of immune complexes and inflammatory cells in the alveoli). • An irreversible damage occurs to the bronchi with dilatation, wall thickening and mucus plugging. • CT findings: tubular or saccular finger-in-glove areas of increased opacity in a bronchial distribution representing mucus plugging within bronchiectasis, predominantly involving the upper lobes.

16. RESULTS: • Allergicbronchopulmonaryaspergillosis (ABPA): • The diagnosis is made by a combination of criteria: • Episodic asthma exacerbations. • Transient or fixed pulmonary infiltrates. • Central bronchiectasis. • Peripheral blood eosinophilia. • Elevated serum IgE levels. • Positive Aspergillusprecipitins.

17. Fig B: High-resolution CT showing central bronchiectasis in ABPA. The patient has had a previous left upper lobectomy for severe bronchiectasis. B Fig C: High-resolution CT in the same patient as in Fig A, showing peribronchial thickening and apparent nodular opacities in the lower lobes due to bronchiectasis with mucoid impaction. A Fig A : A pulmonary artery chest radiograph showing branching “finger-in-glove” tubular opacities in the left lower lobe (retrocardiac) due to mucus plugging of ectatic bronchi in ABPA C

18. RESULTS: • Chronicnecrotizingpulmonaryaspergillosis (CNPA) or semi-invasive aspergillosis: • Local and more indolent form of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. • Patients with a chronic disease that predisposethem to infection. • Histologically: Presence of tissue necrosis and granulomatous inflammation similar to that seen in reactivated tuberculosis.

19. RESULTS: • Chronicnecrotizingpulmonaryaspergillosis (CNPA) or semi-invasive aspergillosis: • Clinically: Chronic productive cough or with hemoptysis, which varies from severe to trivial. • Radiologically: • chronic consolidation. • Multiples nodules with progressive cavitation in one or both upper lobes. • Non-specific, most commonly mimicking those of mycobacterial infection. • lesions are more peripheral, associate pleural thickening and mayprogress to form a bronchopleural fistula.

20. B A Fig A: Posteroanterior chest radiograph shows area of air-space consolidation in the right upper lobe C MDCT scan show a focal areas of consolidation and nodules surrounded by an halo of ground-glass attenuation “fig B” one month after MDCT scan shows the evolution of the lesion which have increased in size and show a central area of cavitation “Fig C and D”. . D The diagnostic of CNPA is made after positive sputum culture for Aspergillus.

21. RESULTS: • Invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis (IPA): • Mortality : of up to 85%. • Occurs in severe immunocompromised patients, especially in those with neutropenia due to hematologic malignancies, chemotherapy or immunosuppressive therapy. • Depending on the route of spread we can discern two kinds of invasive aspergillosis: • Angioinvasive. • Airway invasive. • which can even coexist in the same patient. However, • this is just a histological and etiopathogenical distinction as, in the clinical practice, this is not relevant for therapy.

22. RESULTS: • Invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis (IPA): • Angioinvasiveaspergillosis • Is histologically characterized by invasion of small to medium-sized vessels by fungal hyphae. This results in thrombus formation and vascular occlusion with the consequent tissue necrosis and systemic dissemination. • CT scans shows: • Early IPA: Small nodules and/or small pleuralbased,wedge-shaped consolidations with a surrounding halo of ground-glass attenuation (halo sign). The halo sign represents alveolar hemorrhage. • As the disease progresses the nodules may cavitate, the necrotic parenchyma detaches from the adjacent lung forming an air crescent similar to that seen in aspergilloma. In the right clinical context, nodules or consolidations surrounded by a ground-glass halo, progressing to cavitation or air crescent formation are considered typical of angio invasive aspergillosis.

23. RESULTS: • Invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis (IPA): • Invasive aspergillosis of the airways : • 14%-34% of cases of invasive aspergillosis. • Includes bronchitis and bronchiolitis, bronchopneumonia and lobar pneumonia without evidence of vascular invasion. • Surrounding the involved airway there is often a variably sized zone of hemorrhage and/or organizingpneumonia.

24. RESULTS: • Invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis (IPA): • Invasive aspergillosis of the airways : • In the majority of cases, radiographic findings of invasive aspergillosis of the airways appear as: • Patchy peribronchial consolidation. • Centrilobular nodules. • Areas of tree-in-bud pattern. • These features are non-specific and are indistinguishable from those of • bronchopneumonia caused by other microorganisms.

25. RESULTS: • Invasive pulmonaryaspergillosis (IPA): • Invasive aspergillosis of the airways : • This uncommon manifestation affects almost exclusively lung transplant recipients and AIDS patients. • Patients experience cough, dyspnea and hemoptysis but they can also be asymptomatic. • CT scans are usually normal; sometimes a non-specific tracheal wall thickening is the only evident finding. • Bronchoscopy and fungal culture of the sputum proportionate a definitive diagnosis.

26. IPA in a patient with cervix carcinoma and severe neutropenia (20 neutrophils/mm3) after chemotherapy. MDCT scan demonstrates bilateral multiple ill-defined nodules with peripheral ground-glass attenuation (a-b) and a segmental area of consolidation in the posterior segment of the middle lobe also surrounded by areas of ground-glass attenuation « .

27. CONCLUSION: Computed tomography has become a key consideration in the diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis and this in front of suggestive radiological aspects. It also determines the therapeutic.

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