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Explore the life of Nathaniel Hawthorne, his influences, and his iconic novel The Scarlet Letter as a satire that delves into themes of alienation, guilt, pride, and more. Discover the symbolism, characters, and settings that make this novel a classic example of Romantic literature.
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The Scarlet LetterNathaniel Hawthorne AP English Language and Composition
The Life of Hawthorne Hawthorne was born on July 4th, 1804 in Salem, Mass. Father: Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a sea captain. Mother: Elizabeth Clarke Manning was a descendent of blacksmiths
The Life of Hawthorne Hawthorne’s connection to Salem haunted him. His great-grandfather John Hathorne was the chief-interrogator of the “Salem Witches.”
The Life of Hawthorne The story that Hawthorne added the "w" to his name to distance himself from his Hathorne ancestors has no clear evidence to support it.
Influences upon Hawthorne’s Work Marriage Sophia desired to paint, write, and pursue a profession She was limited by social constraints and motherhood
Influences upon Hawthorne’s Work Puritan New England Many works are set in New England Puritan belief in an “active evil” (Devil) Salem communities are often viewed as hypocritical – Salem Witch Trials
Literary Themes Alienation – a character is isolated due to self-cause or societal-cause Guilt vs. Innocence – a character’s sense of guilt caused by Puritanical values/heritage
Literary Themes Individual vs. Society Self-reliance vs. Accommodation Hypocrisy vs. Integrity Fate vs. Free Will Unconventional Gender Roles Impossibility of Human Perfection
Imagery Hawthorne makes use of the following patterns of images: Light vs. Dark Natural vs. Unnatural Sunshine vs. Firelight or Moonlight and Reflections
The 1st American Novel Hawthorne’s novel was not a means of escape, but rather a means to examine society and life. His novel invited criticism of the worlds he reflected – Puritanism.
Surveyor of The Custom House • Having contributed to the Democratic Review, and once the Democrats were in power in the mid 1840s, Hawthorne was appointed surveyor of the customhouse of Salem, an experience which aided him in writing the Introduction to The Scarlet Letter • Hawthorne found a piece of cloth with an A on it and used it as the major symbol of his novel about the Puritan lifestyle Custom House in Derby Street, Salem, Massachusetts
Hawthorne is considered a writer of the Literary Movement known as Romanticism Romantics concern themselves with the soul, stress emotions over reason, show an appreciation for nature, and focus on the exceptional figure and his passions and inner struggles All Hawthorne’s work is one form or another of “handling sin” He was intensely interested in Puritanism as a historic phenomenon Hawthorne is haunted by what is obscure, dangerous, and the confines of good and evil, by what is abnormal, and social relations It is what is mysterious in the soul that attracts him All of his stories are about people’s crimes—or misunderstood virtue or misfortune—which, created by themselves, leaves them in a worse companionship than solitude The soul becomes the individual’s “best friend” because the person is shunned by everyone else The Romantic Hawthorne
The 411 on The Scarlet Letter • Set in 17th Century Boston • Puritan code of life • Main characters • Hester Prynne • Pearl Prynne • Arthur Dimmesdale • Roger Chillingworth • Novel spans a total of seven years • The Scarlet Letter as a SATIRE
Alienation—the character is in a state of isolation because of self-cause, or societal cause, or a combination of both Initiation—involves the attempts of an alienated character to get rid of his isolated condition Problem of Guilt —a character’s sense of guilt forced by the Puritan lifestyle/heritage or by society; guilt vs. innocence Pride—Hawthorne treats pride as evil; spiritual pride, intellectual, and physical Allegory—each character is a labeled equivalent of “something bigger” Other themes—individual vs. society, self-fulfillment vs. accommodation or frustration; hypocrisy vs. integrity, love vs. hate, exploitation vs. hurting, and fate vs. free will Themes in The Scarlet Letter
Symbols • Weeds • Rose-bush • Flowers • Prison • Cemetery • Scaffold • Town beadle • Letter A • Pearl • Sunshine • Brook
Chapter 1: The Prison Door • Exposition and setting of novel • First two edifices built—foreshadowing or strict Puritan code? • Rosebush, weed, and other flowers grow “by chance” • First few symbols • Cemetery • Prison • Weeds • Rosebush • flowers The Prison Door
Chapter 2: Reading Check • Describe the group that is talking about Hester Prynne. • Where does Hester Prynne come from? • What is Hester Prynne carrying? • Describe Hester Prynne.
Chapter 2: Quickwrite • Publicly shaming someone is an acceptable form of punishment if they have done something wrong. • Take a stance and give relevant supporting details.
Chapter 2: The Market Place • 1st of 3 scaffold scenes • The scorns of the women • Introduction of Hester Prynne holding her daughter, Pearl—image created by Hawthorne is like the Madonna and child (IRONY & SATIRE) • Hester’s beauty • Introduction of the scarlet letter • Reveries of long ago • A familiar stranger
One “might have seen in this beautiful woman…an object to remind him of the image of Divine Maternity…” (53).
Chapter 3: The Recognition • Hester recognizes her husband • Where has he been these two years? • The riddle begins to consume Chillingworth already • Introduction of the magistrates and their plea for Hester to announce her partner in crime • what would they have done to him?
Chapter 4: The Interview • Why doesn’t Chillingworth want to kill Hester and her child? • Chillingworth as the leech = pun • Chillingworth admits it was both of their faults • Hester holds two secrets • Hester asks if Chillingworth is the Black Man
Hester is released from prison but decides to stay in Boston for three reasons: She feels drawn to the place that marked a great change or growth in her life The gentleman who fathered her baby still resides in Boston She feels she must repent of her sins by staying and doing what she can for forgiveness Hester must support herself and Pearl, so she sews Even the wealthy people who once scolded her pay her for her expertise with the needle Hester is allowed to sew everything—but a wedding dress In her spare time, Hester gives her time to charities Chapter 5: Hester at Her Needle
Chapter 6: Pearl • Hester named her baby Pearl, “as being of great price,--purchased with all she had…” (82). • Pearl was called a sprite, an imp, an elf—all alluding to her expected terror-like behavior being the product of sin • Hester admitted that the only times she felt as peace was when Pearl was asleep • Hester knows that Pearl was given to her to remind her of her sin; Pearl saw to it that her mother “paid the price” • Is she a devil-child or just an innocent product of love?
Ch. 7-9: Reading Check • What worries Hester enough to seek out the Governor? • Who else is present at the Governor’s Hall besides Gov. Bellingham and Rev. Wilson? (2) • Who speaks out on Hester’s behalf? • Who begins to live together? • Why do they begin to live together?
Chapter 7: The Governor’s Hall • Hester is afraid that they will take Pearl away from her • Hester understands that Pearl is her punishment and gift from God—to remind her of her sin and her love • Irony & satire: the governor’s hall is exquisite when the Puritan code strictly forbids “earthly treasures”
Chapter 8: The Elf-Child & the Minister • Governor Bellingham affirms that they will take Pearl from Hester • Hester turns to Reverend Dimmesdale for help • Dimmesdale points out that the child was sent by God as a reminder of her sin • If Hester can “turn the child around,” then Pearl may just help Hester enter Heaven as well
Chillingworth is revered for his skills as a physician; Dimmesdale is revered for his sermons that grow stronger each Sunday, even though his health deteriorates each day The townspeople beg Dimmesdale to take Chillingworth as his physician, and the reverend finally accepts Chillingworth grows suspicious of Dimmesdale’s unexpected deteriorating health The two begin to live in the same house The townspeople notice a big change in Chillingworth’s appearance and begin to gossip that either Satan or Satan’s emissary has now resided along with their godly Reverend Dimmesdale and fear for their pastor Chapter 9: The Leech
Chapter 9: The Leech // Character Analysis • Find one quote in Chapter 9 that reveals more about “the leech” or his patient. • Discuss in a paragraph how Hawthorne uses elements of style and strategies to achieve his purpose. • You need to examine HOW DIDST contributes to his purpose. Do not merely identify instances of DIDST.
Chapter 9: The Leech // Character Analysis Example Dimmesdale’s moral transgressions are evidenced in Hawthorne’s descriptions of his progressive changes in appearance. As his guilt wears into his soul, “his form grew emaciated” and his voice “had a certain melancholy prophecy of decay in it” (124). Holding the secret of his adultery is beginning to “decay” Dimmesdale’s soul but is also manifesting itself into his physical attributes as well. His inability to reveal his sins is literally “eating him up inside”, hence his body becoming “emaciated”.
Chapter 10: The Leech& His Patient • Chillingworth and Dimmesdale discuss guilt • Chillingworth urges Dimmesdale to share his guilt, but the latter refuses • Dimmesdale admits that Hester is better off than her secret lover, for he believes it is “better for the sufferer to be free to show his pain, as [Hester], than to cover it all up in his heart” (124). • Chillingworth “unravels” the truth
Dimmesdale “achieved a brilliant popularity in his sacred office” All of his sermons hinted at his own sins but he never confessed outwardly Townspeople thought he was too godly and were humbled by him They deemed Dimmesdale to be “a miracle of holiness” Dimmesdale tried to confess but never could The townspeople, upon hearing him speak boldly about his own wrongdoings, did nothing more but revere him all the more We find out that he whips himself with a scourge, keeps vigils each night, and fasts—all of which have led to his deteriorating health He finally realized he could do something about his guilt Chapter 11: The Interior of a Heart
Sleepwalking, Dimmesdale leads himself to the scaffold—2nd major scaffold scene He utters a cry—for repentance or to try to call out to others so they could see him up there? We know that seven years have passed since Hester first stood up on the scaffold Only two people heard Dimmesdale’s cry Governor Winthrop had just passed away Hester, Pearl, and Dimmesdale form “an electric chain”—of what? Chillingworth sees the three and smiles devilishly—and Dimmesdale declares his hate for the physician (isn’t it a sin to hate?) Pearl asks one of the most important questions to Dimmesdale—does she know who he is? The “A” in the sky made of crimson light—could that have been the result of their “electric chain”? The townspeople ignorantly translate it to be “A” for Angel—for Governor Winthrop’s soul rising up to Heaven The glove could NOT have been Dimmesdale’s! Only Satan could have put it there to mock the Puritan’s leader! Chapter 12: The Minister’s Vigil
Chapter 13: Another View of Hester • Hester has lost her beauty, for “there seemed to be no longer anything in Hester’s face for Love to dwell upon • Hester’s “A” now means “Able”—for she gave so kindly to the poor and became such a good listener that all went to her with their troubles • Hester makes it her ultimate duty • to save Dimmesdale from • Chillingworth—she thinks she • owes it to him
Chapter 12-13: DIDST Analysis • Find at least one quote in either Chapter 12 or 13 that uses DIDST to convey a particular character, symbol, or important scene. • Discuss in a comprehensive paragraph how Hawthorne uses elements of style and strategies to achieve his purpose. • Do not merely identify instances of DIDST.
Reading Check: Ch. 14-17 • What color is the “A” that Pearl makes for herself? (Black/Green/Red) • Where do Dimmesdale and Hester meet? • What does Hester suggest to Dimmesdale at the end of Chapter 17?
“But the former aspect of an intellectual and studious man, calm and quiet, which was what she best remembered in him, had altogether vanished…” “Ever and anon, too, there came a glare of red light out of his eyes; as if the old man’s soul were on fire, and kept on smoldering duskily within his breast…” “In a word, old Roger Chilliingworth was a striking evidence of man’s faculty of transforming himself into a devil…” “Your clutch is on his life, and you cause him to die daily a living death; and still he knows you not.” “But for my aid, his life would have burned away in torments, within the first two years after the perpetration of his crime and thine….” “Better he had died at once!” “…A mortal man, with once a human heart, has become a fiend for his especial torment!” “Hast thou not tortured him enough?” “No—no! He ha but increased the debt!” “There is no good for him,—no good for me,—no good for thee! There is no good for little Pearl! There is no path to guide us out of this dismal maze!” “There might be good for thee, and thee alone, since thou hast been deeply wronged, and hast it at thy will to pardon.” “By thy first step awry thou didst plant the germ of evil; but since that moment, it has all been a dark necessity….It is our fate. Let the black flower blossom as it may!” Chapter 14: Hester and the Physician
Hester admits that she, too, hates Chillingworth and realizes that it was he “[had] done [her] worse wrong” for having forced her to marry him even when she had not loved him Pearl is described to be very happy in nature, as if she is one with it. Could it be that she is a product of nature rather than sin? Pearl creates her own letter “A” out of eel-grass and asks her mother what it means Hester realizes that Pearl, now seven, may actually be able to learn from her mistake if Hester teaches her what the “A” symbolizes Pearl makes the connection between Hester’s “A” and Dimmesdale’s hand over his heart—but does she really know that the two are connected? Chapter 15: Hester and Pearl
Pearl points out to Hester that the sunshine runs away from her mother but not from her; Pearl says it is because of the “A” on Hester’s bosom Characterization of Pearl—she is devilishly happy and does what she wants; she does not seem to be afraid of anything Pearl asks Hester if Hester has ever met the Black Man, and Hester answers that she did once—and the scarlet letter is his mark Pearl is compared to the brook Pearl also questions whether Dimmesdale has met the Black Man, and if that is the reason why he always covers his heart with hand. Does she know? Chapter 16: A Forest Walk
This is the first time that Hester and Dimmesdale have been alone in seven or more years! It is said that they “questioned one another’s actual and bodily existence”—a romantic quality that Hawthorne inserts for emotional effect. Were they really standing apart a few feet from one another? Was it a dream? Dimmesdale’s cold hand touching Hester’s cold hand somehow led them “back to earth” Dimmesdale asks Hester if she has found peace? Why is this the first question he asks her after they have become familiar with each other again? When Hester finally musters the courage to tell Dimmesdale who Chillingworth really is, he blames her! WHAT IRONY! Hester is the man in this relationship; Dimmesdale even admits that she is stronger than him—sort of like Romeo and Juliet Hester gives Dimmesdale hope Chapter 17: The Pastor & His Parishioner
Reading Check: Ch. 18-21 • Pearl refuses to go to Hester until she does what? • What does Pearl do when Dimmesdale kisses her? • Who, in town, observed that Hester and Dimmesdale were in the forest? • What does Dimmesdale do with Chillingworth? • Who else do we find out is planning on leaving New England?
The cowardly and weakly Dimmesdale is afraid to start anew ALONE! Hester, still pathetically in love with the cowardly minister—a leader in his community, a “godly” and highly revered man—decides she and Pearl will go with him Hester unclasps the scarlet letter from her bosom and threw it into the distance The “burden of shame” was lifted from her spirit— “exquisite relief” Her beauty came back through the “magic” (romanticism) of the past hour Does she regret what she did? Has she ever demonstrated remorse in any way? Why does she love Dimmesdale so much? Dimmesdale confesses to being afraid of children, even Pearl In the last scene of the chapter, Pearl is described to be in one with nature. Why is this important? Chapter 18: A Flood of Sunshine
Comparison: Hester v. Dimmesdale • What is Hawthorne suggesting in the descriptions of Hester and Dimmesdale at the beginning of Chapter 18? • How does he use DIDST to convey the characterization of Hester contrasted with Dimmesdale?
Compare the forest, as described by Hawthorne, to the town Why do Hester and Dimmesdale find comfort in the forest? Why does Pearl relate so well with nature? Is there a connection? Chapter 19: The Child at the Brookside
Hester and Dimmesdale decide to leave in four days’ time—after the Election Sermon Dimmesdale is happy that he can “leave” his office after the Election Sermon Hester has booked passage to Bristol for herself and two others; the captain has allowed her to board for her good works with the Sisters of Charity Dimmesdale feels a heavy burden lifted from his soul—and he begins to think of many sinful thoughts. Why is this important? Name the three things he has thought about doing that are considered out of character for him. Mistress Hibbins offers Dimmesdale a personal introduction to her master. Dimmesdale gains confidence to tell Chillingworth that the physician is no longer needed in the minister’s home Chapter 20: The Minister in a Maze
At the start of the Election Sermon and celebration, Hester and Pearl wait for Dimmesdale The town is in a festive mood for the inauguration of the new governor Pearl notices how strange Dimmesdale’s physical features look At the end of the chapter, Hester receives disturbing news that an additional passenger has also secured passage onto the ship bound for Bristol—and this person claims to be “of [Hester’s] party” Will Chillingworth ever unleash his clutch on Dimmesdale? Chapter 21: New England Holiday
Chapter 22: Foreshadowing through DIDST • Identify and examine instances in Ch. 22 where foreshadowing is evident through Hawthorne’s use of DIDST. • Be prepared to discuss at least one example of foreshadowing and how DIDST was used to convey the foreshadowing.
Hester and Pearl watch as Dimmesdale and the magistrates walk past, and Hester feels a “dreary influence come over her”—foreshadowing Dimmesdale does not look at them—as if he doesn’t know them Hester starts to feel the weight of the scarlet letter on her bosom, again—even at “its final hour”—when she was to fling it off forever and live a new life with her family Hawthorne creates a great contrast between the minister and the wearer of the scarlet letter—even though they really are as one Chapter 22: The Procession
Dimmesdale looks like he is near death; he knows it as well Passing through the scaffold—where Hester and Pearl have planted themselves as they watched the magistrates pass to the festival, Dimmesdale stops at their side Alas, doing what he should have done seven years ago, Dimmesdale decides to take his rightful place on the scaffold Chillingworth reacts quicky, grabs the minister’s arm, and questions whether it is really something the latter wants to do The scaffold is the only place where Dimmesdale could have escaped from Chillingworth—is it a place of punishment or redemption? Dimmesdale confesses and tears open his ministerial band to show his own “A”—carved in his flesh! Pearl’s tears broke the spell that she was born with; she would grow up to love and be loved—like a normal being Dimmesdale gives Hester no lie about their after-life Did he really love her? Or were they destined to go their separate ways at the moment of their adultery? Chapter 23: The Revelation
Lots of satire in this chapter There are many “interpretations” as to the death of the revered minister Some believe that what was told to the reader actually happened Others believed that the scarlet letter had been a form of poison given to Dimmesdale by Chillingworth Yet others believed that the “A” grew “out” of Dimmesdale’s heart and guilt The ignorant ones claimed to never have seen the “A” at all, nor did they actually hear a confession; they agreed that the minister had claimed all those things to make a parable of his life! The leech had nothing left to leech on to, so he died within a year Ironically, Chillingworth bequeathed all of his treasures in both Worlds to little Pearl Hester is claimed to be the interest and love of an unknown inhabitant from another land Pearl is married and happy Why do you think Hester chose to go back to the little cottage and keep her “A” stitched to her clothing even after the death of Dimmesdale? In the end, a new grave was made next to an old sunken one—yet there was a space between the two, as if the two had no right to intermingle… Chapter 24: Conclusion
