By: Michael Foster and Heather Gula

1. β PROTEOBACTERIA By: Michael Foster and Heather Gula http://www.brighton.ac.uk/pharmacy/staff/savinairina/6days_fibroblasts.jpg

2. βProteobacteria Characteristics • Mostly chemoautotrophic bacteria • Can be aerobic or facultative anaerobes • Some chemolithotrophs, chemoorganotrophs, and photoautotrophs • Cell forms variable • Rods, cocci, spiral, and filaments • Highly versatile in their degradation capacities • Some play important role in nitrogen fixation in plants • Energy provided by small inorganic compounds which is converted to necessary organic compounds • Motile and Non Motile forms (presence and absence of flagella) • Often found in waste water and soil • Gram Negative http://www.mpi-bremen.de/Binaries/Binary11732/T11-1_(4)_(DAPI%252BFITC).JPG

3. Classification of βProteobacteria • Often classified and distinguished by: • Cell shape • Presence or absence of flagella • Metabolic requirements • Environment commonly found in http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/BetaProteobacteria.gif

4. Order: Burkholderiales • Very diverse: • phenotype • metabolism • environment • Typically aerobes or facultative anaerobes • Normally are motile with a single polar flagellum or tuft of flagella • Some are chemoorganotrophs or chemolithotrophs • Order containing pathogenic bacteria genuses Burkholderia and Bordetella http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Burkholderia_pseudomallei_01.jpg/240px-Burkholderia_pseudomallei_01.jpg

5. Burkholderia • Mostly motile • Often obligate aerobes • Typically rod shaped • Both human and plant pathogens • Can be environmentally important • Commonly found in soil and groundwater worldwide http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/thumb/c/c4/Burkholderia.jpg/450px-Burkholderia.jpg

6. Burkholderiamalleiand Glanders • Causes common infection known as Glanders • Coccobacillus • Aerobic and non-motile • Little known about the virulence factors of this organism • Primarily a disease affecting horses • Also affects donkeys, mules, and other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats. • No naturally acquired cases of this disease have occurred in the U.S. in over 60 years • Potential agent for biological warfare and of biological terrorism • Transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals. • Enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin, through mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose. • May be inhaled via infected aerosols or dust contaminated by infected animals http://www.sciencephoto.com/images/download_wm_image.html/B220423-Coloured_TEM_of_Coxiella_burnetti-SPL.jpg%3Fid%3D662200423

7. Burkholderiamalleiand Glanders (cont.) • Types of Glanders infection: • Localized pus-forming cutaneous infections • Pulmonary infections • Bloodstream infections • Chronic suppurative infections. • Generalized symptoms: • fever with chills and sweating, muscle aches • chest pain • muscle tightness and headache • mucopurulent nasal discharge and light sensitivity with excessive tearing of the eyes • Diagnosed by isolating B. mallei from blood, sputum, urine, or skin lesions http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/images/3/39/Horse.jpg

8. Glanders Treatment • No vaccine available • Because Glanders is rare in humans, there is limited use of antibiotics to treat the infection • Main treatment is the sulfa-based drug called sulfadiazine. • inhibitor of the bacterial enzyme dihydropteroate synthetase • Burkholderia mallei is sometimes sensitive to tetracyclines, ciprofloxacin, streptomycin, novobiocin, gentamicin, imipenem, ceftrazidime, and other sulfonamides. http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSYQ2bwjB6gEHF-8QuazQIiSpSjsCgI959WkPCaoMCR7SykCLiM

9. Burkholderia pseudomallei • Rod shaped and motile with a polar flagellum • Aerobic and non-spore forming. • Found in contaminated water, soil, and market produce. • Potential agent for biological warfare • Accidental pathogen • Spread through direct contact with contaminated source • Invades cells, polymerisesactin, and is to spread from cell to cell, causing cell fusion and the formation of multinucleate giant cells • Causitive agent of melioidosis http://cns.miis.edu/cbw/images/burkholderia_mallei.jpg

10. Melioidosis • Observed in humans and animals located in tropical climates. • Usually acquired by inhaling contaminated dust, ingestion of contaminated water, contact with contaminated soil especially through skin abrasions. • Person to person transmission is rare • Categorized as : • localized infection • acute pulmonary infection • acute bloodstream infection • disseminated infection http://www.nature.com/nrmicro/journal/v4/n4/images/nrmicro1385-f1.jpg

11. Melioidosis (cont) • The incubation period of the infection is not clearly defined • Could be between a day and a year • Symptoms appear two to four weeks after exposure. • Symptoms include: • Fever • Headache • Muscle soreness • Abdominal pain • Diagnosed by isolating B. pseudomallei from the blood, urine, sputum, skin lesions, or from organ abscesses. • Can be treated with many antibiotics but the one of choice is ceftazidime • inhibits cell wall synthesis http://www.ldptorlan.com:18081/magnoliaPublic/productos/contentParagraphProductos/05/imagen_en/imglplFotoCeftazidimeP.jpg

12. Bordetella • Non-motile • Non-spore forming • Strict aerobes • Rod-shaped • Fastidious- requires many nutrients • Both human and animal pathogen • B. pertussi- strict human pathogen • B. bronchiseptica- animal pathogen • B. avium- bird pathogen http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/archive/0/08/20090330222759!Bordetella_bronchiseptica_01.jpg

13. Bordetellapertussisand Whooping Cough • Causes Pertussis (“whooping cough”) • Highly contagious respiratory disease • Coccoid • Encapsulated and immotile aerobe • Produces several virulence factors • Cannot survive in the environment • Humans are its only host • Resides in upper air pathways • Trachea • Bronchi • Is transmitted directly from person to person through droplets of respiratory secretions that are either coughed or sneezed into the air by an infected person • Symptoms: • Low-grade fever • Mild cough • Sneezing • Runny nose • Has been used in medicine to develop a vaccine in order to combat the deadly childhood disease http://sau53.org/dcs/classes/8grade/cemetery/hill/diagram.jpg

14. Bordetellapertussisand Whooping Cough (cont.) http://cdn.babble.com/strollerderby/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/WHOOPING-COUGH-IMMUNIZATION-300x286.gif • Prevention: • A whole-cell vaccine • Vaccine uses whole dead B. pertussis cells • Treatment: • Antibiotics, usually erythromycin or erythromycin-like antibiotics • Erythromycin is taken for 2 weeks • Inhibits proteins synthesis by binding to the 50s subunit of the ribosome

15. Order: Neisseriales http://www.nature.com/emboj/journal/v21/n4/coverfig.gif • All aerobic • Complex metabolic requirements • Variable in form • Cocci, rods, and spirals • Grow singular, in pairs, as masses, or as filaments • Most are mobile when in contact with surfaces • Generally no flagellum

16. Neisseria • Aerobic • Diplococci that resemble coffee beans • Non-spore forming • Usually inhabit the mucous membranes of mammals • Sensitive to desiccation • Fastidious http://archive.microbelibrary.org/microbelibrary/files/ccImages/Articleimages/Miller/Neisseria%20gonorrheae%20fig1.JPG

17. Neisseriagonorrhoea • Causative agent of gonorrhea • Grows in the mucous membranes, especially the mouth, throat, anus, and in females in the cervix, fallopian tubes, and uterus • Affects 650,000 persons per year • Passed through any type of sexual contact and can spread from mother to child at birth. • Pathogenic mechanism involves attachment of the bacterium to non-ciliated epithelial cells via pili (fimbriae) and the production of lipopolysaccharideendotoxin • Because many penicillin and tetracycline resistant strains are present, often treated with a 500mg single-dose ciprofloxacin and 400mg of ofloxacin. • Both of these antibiotics inhibit DNA replication of bacteria cells http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.html

18. Neisseria meningitidis • Identical in its morphological characteristics to N. gonorrhoeaeexcept it has a polysaccharide capsule. • Cause of meningococcal meningitis • Tends to colonize the posterior nasopharynx of humans. • Humans are the only known host • Attach to epithelial cells of the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal mucosa, cross the mucosal barrier, and enter the bloodstream. • Mildest form of disease is a transient bacteremic illness characterized by a fever and malaise. • Symptoms resolve spontaneously in 1 to 2 days • Most serious form is the fulminant form of disease complicated by meningitis • Releases the endotoxinlipooligosaccharide • Primarily treated with penicillin and ceftriaxone IV • Both antibiotics prevent the synthesis of peptidoglycan, inhibiting cell wall formation • There are vaccines available for those between the ages of 2 and 55.

19. Order: Nitrosomonadales • Diverse in shape • Spirals, cocci, rods, stalked cells, and pleiomorphic cells. • Can be chemolithotrophs, mixotrophs, and chemoorganotrophs. • Oxidize ammonium to nitrite. • Contain the genuses: • Nitrosomonas • Spirillium http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Spirillen.jpg/220px-Spirillen.jpg

20. Spirillium • Spiral/helical cell shape • Rigid cell wall • Aerobic • Motile due to a conventional polar flagella • Relatively large • Mainly found in fresh water • Generally not pathogenic http://mikroby.blox.pl/resource/spirillum1_srubowiec.jpg

21. Spirillium minus http://www.cksu.com/vb/uploads/5501/1125697230.jpg • Associated with “rat bite fever” • Cases seen in Asia and Africa • Rare in the United States • Not found in clusters or chains • Infection caused by transfer of the bacteria through contact with secretions or urine from the mouth, eye, or nose of an infected animal. • Usually transferred through a bite from an infected rat but squirrels, gerbils, and weasels can also carry the disease and transfer the bacteria . • Symptoms include red or purple rash, muscle aches, chills, fever, and headache. • Usually occur 7-21 days after exposure to an infected animal. • If left untreated heart valves can become infected and absceses can occur in soft tissue or the brain. • Treatment for infections is penicillin • Prevents the synthesis of cross linking peptides, inhibiting cell wall formation

22. Refrences "Betaproteobacteria (Class)." ZipcodeZoo. BayScience Foundation, 2009. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://zipcodezoo.com/Key/Bacteria/Betaproteobacteria_Class.asp>. "Bordetella." MicrobeWiki. MediaWiki, 23 July 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bordetella>. "BordetellaPertussis." MicrobeWiki. MediaWiki, 18 Aug. 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Bordetella_pertussis>. "BurkholderiaMallei." MicrobLog: Microbiology Training | Medical Microbiology, Virology and Infectious Diseases. MicrobLog, 2008. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://microblog.me.uk/46>. "Burkholderia." MicrobeWiki. MediaWiki, 23 July 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Burkholderia>. "BurkholderiaPseudomallei." Pathema. The Institute for Genomic Research, 2006. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://pathema.jcvi.org/pathema/b_pseudomallei.shtml>. "CDC - Glanders (BurkholderiaMallei): General Information - NCZVED." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 17 May 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/glanders/>. "Ceftazidime." DrugBank. Genome Alberta and Genome Canada, 13 June 2005. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00438>. Holt, Jack R., and Jon Niles. Systematic Biology. Jack R. Holt, 2010. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. <http://comenius.susqu.edu/BI/202/EUBACTERIA/PROTEOBACTERIAE/BETAPROTEOBACTERIA/default.htm>. "Melioidosis: General Information." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 18 Apr. 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/melioidosis/>. "Microbiology: Spirochetes and Spirilla." CliffsNotes. Wiley Publishing, 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Spirochetes-and-Spirilla.topicArticleId-8524,articleId-8441.html>. "Ofloxacin (Otic)." Drugs.com | Prescription Drugs - Information, Interactions & Side Effects. Drugs.com, 2011. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. <http://www.drugs.com/mmx/ofloxacin.html>. Ophardt, Charles E. "Other Antibiotics." Virtual Chembook. Elmhurst College, 2003. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. <http://www.life.umd.edu/classroom/bsci424/BSCI223WebSiteFiles/BetaProteobacteria.gif>. "Rat-bite Fever: General Information." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USA.gov, 18 May 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.cdc.gov/nczved/divisions/dfbmd/diseases/ratbite_fever/>. SlonczewskiStancik, Dawn M. "What Is NeisseriaGonorrhoeae and Which Antimicrobial Therapies Have Been Used?" Emerging Quinolone and Antibiotic Resistance to NeisseriaGonorrhoeae. May 2001. Web. 4 Apr. 2011. <http://biology.kenyon.edu/slonc/bio38/stancikd_02/What_is_Neisseria_gonorrhoeae.html>. "Spirillum Bacteria Information." Rat Bite Fever Symptoms Details – Rat Bite Fever Treatment. Rat-bitefever.com, 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://rat-bitefever.com/spirillum.html>. "Spirillum." MicrobeWiki. MediaWiki, 6 Aug. 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://microbewiki.kenyon.edu/index.php/Spirillum>. "Sulfadiazine." DrugBank. Genome Alberta and Genome Canada, 10 Nov. 2010. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00359>. Todar, Kenneth. "Pathogenic Neisseriae: Gonorrhea and Meningitis." Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Kenneth Todar, 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/neisseria.html>. Watson, Stephanie. "Whooping Cough: Treatment and Prevention." WebMD Children's Health Center. WebMD, 2011. Web. 04 Apr. 2011. <http://children.webmd.com/features/whooping-cough-what-you-need-to-know>.

23. Questions???