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History of Universities

History of Universities.

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History of Universities

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  1. History of Universities

  2. Oldest university in Europe, founded in Bologna, Italy, in 1088 [AD]. It became in the 12th–13th centuries the principal centre for studies in civil and canon law, and it served as a model for the organization of universities throughout Europe. Its faculties of medicine and philosophy were formed c. 1200. The faculty of science was developed in the 17th century. In the 18th century women were admitted as students and teachers. The modern university includes faculties of law, politicalscience, economics, letters and philosophy, natural sciences, agriculture, medicine, and engineering. http://www.merriam-webster.com/concise/bologna+university+of?show=0&t=1351875210

  3. Why no Universities? In response to the Protestants, Roman Catholics developed a counter-image, depicting the High Middle Ages in particular as a period of social and religious harmony, and not "dark" at all.[18] The most important Catholic reply to the Magdeburg Centuries was the Annales Ecclesiastici by Cardinal Caesar Baronius. Baronius was a trained historian who kept theology in the background and produced a work that the Encyclopædia Britannica in 1911 described as "far surpassing anything before his day"[19] and that Acton regarded as "the greatest history of the Church ever written".[20] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)

  4. Why no Universities? Significantly, Baronius termed the age "dark" because of the paucity of written records capable of throwing light on it for the historian. The "lack of writers" he referred to may be illustrated by comparing the number of volumes in Migne'sPatrologia Latina containing the work of Latin writers from the 10th century (the heart of the age he called "dark") with the number of volumes containing the work of writers from the preceding and succeeding centuries. (Of course, only a minority of these writers were historians.) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)

  5. Why no Universities? Originally the term [Dark Ages] characterized the bulk of the Middle Ages, or roughly the 6th to 13th centuries, as a period of intellectual darkness between the extinguishing of the "light of Rome" after the end of Late Antiquity, and the rise of the Italian Renaissance in the 14th century.[5][3] This definition is still found in popular usage,[1][2][6] but increased recognition of the accomplishments of the Middle Ages since the 19th century has led to the label being restricted in application. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)

  6. Why no Universities? Since the 20th century, it is frequently applied only to the earlier part of the era, the Early Middle Ages (c. 5th–10th century).[7][8] However, many modern scholars who study the era tend to avoid the term altogether for its negative connotations, finding it misleading and inaccurate for any part of the Middle Ages http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)

  7. Why no Universities?

  8. A New Byzantine Law The Corpus Juris (or Iuris) Civilis ("Body of Civil Law") is the modern name[1] for a collection of fundamental works in jurisprudence, issued from 529 to 534 by order of Justinian I, Eastern Roman Emperor. It is also sometimes referred to as the Code of Justinian, although this name belongs more properly to the part titled Codex. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis

  9. Justinin made New Laws They were intended to be, together, the sole source of law; reference to any other source, including the original texts from which the Code and the Digest had been taken, was forbidden. Nonetheless, Justinian found himself having to enact further laws and today these are counted as a fourth part of the Corpus, the NovellaeConstitutiones (Novels, literally New Laws). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Juris_Civilis

  10. In 489 AD, the Nestorian theological and scientific center in Edessa was ordered closed by the Byzantine emperor Zeno, and transferred itself to become the School of Nisibis,[2] also known as "Nisibīn, then under Persian rule with its secular faculties at Gundishapur, Khuzestan. Here, scholars, together with Pagan philosophers banished from Athens by Justinian in 529 [AD], carried out important research in Medicine, Astronomy, and Mathematics".[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Gundishapur

  11. However, it was under the rule of the Sassanid emperor Khosrau I (531-579 AD), called Anushiravan literally "Immortal Soul" and known to the Greeks and Romans as Chosroes, that Gondeshapur became known for medicine and erudition. Khosrau I gave refuge to various Greek philosophers, Syriac-speaking Christians and Nestorian Christians fleeing religious persecution by the Byzantine empire. The Sassanids had long battled the Romans and Byzantines for control of present day Iraq and Syria and were naturally disposed to welcome the refugees. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Gundishapur

  12. During the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology began to stimulate intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of "universals". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism and rationalism. Scholars such as Peter Abelard (d. 1142) and Peter Lombard (d. 1164) introduced Aristotelian logic into theology. The late 11th and early 12th century also saw the rise of cathedral schools throughout western Europe, which signaled the shift of learning from monasteries to cathedrals and towns.[167]

  13. Cathedral schools were then in turn replaced in the late 11th century by the universities established in major European cities.[168] Philosophy and theology fused in scholasticism, an attempt by 12th and 13th-century scholars to reconcile Christian theology with itself, which eventually resulted in a system of thought that tried to employ a systemic approach to truth and reason.[169] This culminated in the thought of Thomas Aquinas (d. 1274), who wrote the Summa Theologica, or Summary of Theology.[170]

  14. The first institutions generally considered to be universities were established in Italy, France, Spain and England in the late 11th and the 12th centuries for the study of arts, law, medicine, and theology.[1] These universities evolved from much older Christiancathedral schools and monastic schools, and it is difficult to define the date at which they became true universities, although the lists of studiageneralia for higher education in Europe held by the Vatican are a useful guide. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university

  15. The university is generally regarded as an institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting.[4][5] Prior to the establishment of universities, European higher education took place for hundreds of years in Christiancathedral schools or monastic schools (Scholaemonasticae), in which monks and nuns taught classes; evidence of these immediate forerunners of the later university at many places dates back to the 6th century AD.[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university

  16. With the increasing growth and urbanization of European society during the 12th and 13th centuries, a demand grew for professional clergy. Before the 12th century, the intellectual life of Western Europe had been largely relegated to monasteries, which were mostly concerned with performing the liturgy and prayer; relatively few monasteries could boast true intellectuals. • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university

  17. Learning became essential to advancing in the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and teachers also gained prestige. However, demand quickly outstripped the capacity of cathedral schools, each of which was essentially run by one teacher. In addition, tensions rose between the students of cathedral schools and burghers in smaller towns. As a result cathedral schools migrated to large cities, like Paris and Bologna. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_university

  18. Muslim Universities http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medieval_Muslim_universities

  19. Madrasasdid not exist in the early beginnings of Islam. Their formation can probably be traced to the early Islamic custom of meeting in mosques to discuss religious issues. At this early stage, people seeking religious knowledge tended to gather around certain more knowledgeable Muslims. These informal teachers later became known as shaykhs; and these shaykhs began to hold regular religious education sessions called maǧālis 'sessions'. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah

  20. Established in 859, Ǧāmiʿat al-Qarawiyyīn (located in al-Qarawiyyīn Mosque) in the city of Fas, Morocco, is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars,[4] though the existence of universities in the medieval Muslim world is debated. It was founded by Fāṭimah al-Fihrī, the daughter of a wealthy merchant named Muḥammad al-Fihrī. This was later followed by the establishment of al-Azhar in 959 in Cairo, Egypt. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah

  21. First Possible Reference to a University The Platonic Academy (sometimes referred to as the University of Athens)[3][4], founded ca. 387 BC in Athens, Greece, by the philosopher Plato, lasted 916 years (until 529 AD) with interruptions.[5] It was emulated during the Renaissance by the Florentine Platonic Academy, whose members saw themselves as following Plato's tradition. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions

  22. Around 335 BC Plato's successor Aristotle founded the Peripatetic school, whose pupils met at the Lyceum gymnasium in Athens. The school ceased in 86 BC during the famine, siege and sacking of Athens by Sulla.[6] • During the Hellenistic period the Museion in Alexandria, suppressed and burned between 216 and 272 AD (and which included the Library of Alexandria, destroyed between 272 and 391 AD), became the leading research institute for science and technology from which many Greek innovations sprang. The engineer Ctesibius (fl. 285–222 BC) may have been its first head • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions • .

  23. The Pandidakterion of Constantinople, founded as an institution of higher learning in 425, educated graduates to take on posts of authority in the imperial service or within the Church.[7] It was reorganized as a corporation of students in 849 by the regent Bardas of emperor Michael III, is considered by some to be the earliest institution of higher learning with some of the characteristics we associate today with a university (research and teaching, auto-administration, academic independence, et cetera).http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions

  24. If a university is defined as "an institution of higher learning" then it is preceded by several others, including the Academy that it was founded to compete with and eventually replaced. If the original meaning of the word is considered "a corporation of students" then this could be the first example of such an institution. The Preslav Literary School and Ohrid Literary School were the two major literary schools of the First Bulgarian Empire.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions

  25. In Western Europe during the Early Middle Ages, bishops sponsored cathedral schools and monasteries sponsored monastic schools, chiefly dedicated to the education of clergy. The earliest evidence of a European episcopal school is that established in Visigothic Spain at the Second Council of Toledo in 527.[8]These early episcopal schools, with a focus on an apprenticeship in religious learning under a scholarly bishop, have been identified in Spain and in about twenty towns in Gaul during the 6th and 7th centuries.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions

  26. Madrasas were established throughout the Islamic world, the most famous being the 10th century al-Azhar University and the 11th century Niẓāmiyyah, as well as 75 madrasas in Cairo, 51 in Damascus and up to 44 in Aleppo between 1155 and 1260. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasah

  27. First use of “university” u·ni·ver·si·ty(yÁÅnÃvûrÆsi t"), n., pl. -ties. an institution of learning of the highest level, having a college of liberal arts and a program of graduate studies together with several professional schools, as of theology, law, medicine, and engineering, and authorized to confer both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Continental European universities usually have only graduate or professional schools. [1250–1300; ME universite < OF < ML %niversit!s, LL: guild, corporation, L: totality, equiv. to %nivers(us) (see UNIVERSE) + -it!s -ITY] [Webster’s Dictionary]

  28. Definition of UNIVERSITY 1 : an institution of higher learning providing facilities for teaching and research and authorized to grant academic degrees; specifically:one made up of an undergraduate division which confers bachelor's degrees and a graduate division which comprises a graduate school and professional schools each of which may confer master's degrees and doctorates http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/university

  29. Institution of higher education, usually comprising a liberal arts and sciences college and graduate and professional schools that confer degrees in various fields. A university differs from a college in that it is usually larger, has a broader curriculum, and offers advanced degrees in addition to undergraduate degrees. The first true university was the University of Bologna, founded in the 11th century; the first in northern Europe was the University of Paris, which served as a model for the universities of Oxford, Cambridge, Heidelberg, and others. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/university

  30. 1054 The Great Schism East – West Division

  31. The East–West Schism, sometimes known as the Great Schism,[1] is the medieval division of Chalcedonian Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively. Relations between East and West had long been embittered by political and ecclesiastical differences and theological disputes.[2] Prominent among these were the issues of "filioque", whether leavened or unleavened bread should be used in the Eucharist,[3] the Pope's claim to universal jurisdiction, and the place of Constantinople in relation to the Pentarchy.[4] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism

  32. Pope Leo IX and Patriarch of ConstantinopleMichael Cerularius heightened the conflict by suppressing Greek and Latin in their respective domains. In 1054, Roman legates traveled to Cerularius to deny him the title Ecumenical Patriarch and to insist that he recognize the Church of Rome's claim to be the head and mother of the churches.[2]Cerularius refused. The leader of the Latin contingent, Cardinal Humbert, excommunicatedCerularius, while Cerularius in return excommunicated Cardinal Humbert and other legates.[2] This was only the first act in a centuries-long process that eventually became a complete schism.[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism

  33. Still, the Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographical lines, and the fundamental breach has never been healed, with each side accusing the other of having fallen into heresy and of having initiated the division. The Crusades, the Massacre of the Latins in 1182, the capture and sack of Constantinople in 1204, and the imposition of the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem and the Latin Patriarchs made reconciliation more difficult.[2] • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism

  34. Eastern “Popes” Called Patriarchs Archiepiscopates

  35. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches

  36. Egypt’s Coptic Church Chooses new Pope Egypt's ancient Coptic Christian church chose a new pope in an elaborate Sunday ceremony meant to invoke the will of God, in which a blindfolded boy drew the name of the next patriarch from a crystal chalice.All three senior clerics whose names were in the chalice were considered consensus candidates who stayed out of disputes both within the church and with other groups. Tawadros will assume the papacy as Egypt's Christians, estimated to make up 10 percent of the country's 83 million people, fear for their future amid the rise of Islamists to power in the wake of the 2011 ouster of longtime authoritarian leader Hosni Mubarak.http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/11/04/egypt-coptic-church-chooses-new-pope-om-elaborate-ceremony/?test=latestnews

  37. Pope of Coptic church today Today, the patriarchal seat of the Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church is Saint Mark Cathedral in Ramleh. The most important Coptic Orthodox churches in Alexandria include Pope Cyril I Church in Cleopatra, Saint Georges Church in Sporting, Saint Mark & Pope Peter I Church in Sidi Bishr, Saint Mary Church in Assafra, Saint Mary Church in Gianaclis, Saint Mina Church in Fleming, Saint Mina Church in Mandara, and Saint Takla Haymanot's Church in Ibrahimeya. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria#Christianity

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