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1. AP World History: The Greek Wars Period Two: 600 BCE – 1000 CE NY State Standards 2,3 Common Core RS 2
2. I The Greek Colonies Ancient Greek seafarers and traders began to settle away from the Greek mainland. These adventurers established Greek colonies, many of which were in Ionia (Asia Minor). The Greek colonies spoke the same language and shared the same culture as the mother city. 540 BCE King Cyrus of Persia conquered Ionia. The Greek colonies objected to heavy taxation, and a forced draft into the Persian army. They rebelled, thus beginning the Persian Wars.
3. The Persian Empire Persia began when Cyrus the Great (580 – 529 BCE) united two the Achaemenid Dynasty and the Chaldean Dynasty of Babylonia. Persian rulers were enlightened despots who allowed a certain amount of regional autonomy in the form of the satrapy system. A satrap (governor) administered the region, a general supervised military recruitment and ensured order, and a state secretary kept official records. The general and the state secretary reported directly to the central government. The twenty satrapies were linked by a 2,500-kilometer highway, the most impressive stretch being the royal road from Susa to Sardis, built by command of Darius. Relays of mounted couriers could reach the most remote areas in fifteen days. Despite the relative local independence afforded by the satrapy system however, royal inspectors, the "eyes and ears of the king," toured the empire and reported on local conditions, and the king maintained a personal bodyguard of 10,000 men, called the Immortals. The language in greatest use in the empire was Aramaic. Old Persian was the "official language" of the empire but was used only for inscriptions and royal proclamations. CYRUS THE GREAT
4. The Persian Empire Continued… Darius revolutionized the economy by placing it on a silver and gold coinage system. Trade was extensive, and under the Achaemenids there was an efficient infrastructure that facilitated the exchange of commodities among the far reaches of the empire. As a result of this commercial activity, Persian words for typical items of trade became prevalent throughout the Middle East and eventually entered the English language; examples are, bazaar, shawl, sash, turquoise, tiara, orange, lemon, melon, peach, spinach, and asparagus. Trade was one of the empire's main sources of revenue, along with agriculture and tribute. Other accomplishments of Darius's reign included codification of the data, a universal legal system upon which much of later Iranian law would be based, and construction of a new capital at Persepolis, where vassal states would offer their yearly tribute at the festival celebrating the spring equinox. - IranChamberSociety
5. Persepolis
6. The Persian Empire Continued… Due to such a vast empire with so many people, Persia had a vast culture ranging from Egyptian to Indian; they only required for you to speak their language. Cyrus the Great was very tolerant of other cultures and religions. When Persia conquered Egypt and India they allowed them to worship the same gods and practice their cultural practices. This united the cultures and helped to keep the empire together. It also made it easier to communicate with all parts of the empire. The main religion of Persia was Zoroastrianism. Cyrus didn't make his people convert to Zoroastrianism but due to the vast amount of Zoroastrianism the religion spread very quickly. Cyrus the Great conquered Babylon and he let the Hebrews, who were held captive by the Babylonians, return to Jerusalem. After he sent them to Jerusalem they began to rebuild their temple.
7. II The Persian Wars AGH! Those Greeks will pay for this! A) 499 BCE the Ionian Greeks asked Greeks from the mainland for help in fighting the Persians. Athens sent warships, but they could not defeat the much larger Persian army and navy. This made the Persian King Darius VERY ANGRY. Help!
8. Persian King Darius is VERY ANGRY I am very, very angry. Why am I angry again?
9. The Persian Wars Continued… B) 490 King Darius of Persia invaded Athens. (This was the beginning of the First Persian War.) The Persians outnumbered the Athenians 4 to 1! However, at the Battle of Marathon, while the Persians were loading their ships, the Athenians attacked… and won the battle.
10. The Persian Wars Continued… Following the Persian invasion, Athens dispatched a runner, Phidippedes, to Sparta to ask for help. Phidippedes ran the 140 miles through rugged mountains to Sparta, who told him they could not help due to a religious festival. Phidippedes ran the 140 miles to Marathon. When the Persians were retreating to their ships, Phidippedes ran 26 miles to Athens, to warn the Athenians of a possible Persian attack by sea. According to legend, he dropped dead immediately after delivering his message. The modern marathon is 26.2 miles in honor of Phidippedes!
11. C) After the First Persian War, the Persians left the Greeks alone for 10 years. However, Darius’s son Xerxes wanted revenge. Since attacking by sea had failed, Xerxes decided to attack by land. In 480 he led the Persians across the Hellspont by building a platoon bridge. This led to the 2nd Persian War, fought at Thermopylae.
12. Pontoon Bridge A pontoon bridge is a temporary bridge that you make by lining up a lot of boats crossways across the river, and then putting wooden planks over the boats to make a bridge. This is a photograph of a pontoon bridge during the American Civil War.
13. The Persians tried to go south into Greece through the narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, but they were blocked by 300 Spartans. The Spartans, led by King Leonidas, fought until they all died. The Persian army did make it through to march to Athens, but what the Spartans did the Athenians to prepare for the next and last battle of the Persian Wars, the Battle of Salamis. Narrow Mountain Pass at Thermopylae
14. C) After the Battle of Thermopylae, the Persian army marched to Athens and destroyed it. However, Athens was deserted! The Athenians had fled to the island of Salamis. This was the start of the last battle of the Persian Wars, the Battle at Salamis. Xerxes was so confident that he watched the battle from a hilltop on a golden throne. While the Persians had more ships, the Athenian ships were able to maneuver the narrow straits better. The Athenians burned the Persian ships, and Xerxes ran away. I want my mommy!
15. III Results of the Persian Wars The Greeks defeated the Persians. Athens emerged as the most powerful polis (Greek city-state). Athens organized and headed the Delian League, an alliance of other Greek poli. The treasury originally was on the island of Delos, but soon Athens moved the treasury to Athens. Athens only kept 1/60 of all of the money coming in. However, as the wealth of the treasury grew, Athens grew incredibly wealthy. From its control of the treasury, Athens was able to form an Empire.
16. Age of Pericles 460 – 429 BCE Pericles was a strong, political leader of Athens during this time. He used Athens’s increased wealth to fund public buildings (such as the Parthenon) and great works of art. He strongly believed in Athenian democracy. “We alone, regard a man who takes no interest in public affairs, not as harmless, but as a useless character.”
17. Results of the Persian Wars Continued… D) The other Delian League members became upset at the increasing wealth of Athens. Sparta organized the Peloponnesian League, to counteract it. E) 431 BCE the Peloponnesian and Delian Leagues were officially at war. This was the start of the Peloponnesian War.
18. IV The Peloponnesian War 431 BCE Sparta invaded Athens by land. Pericles allowed the Athenians to hide inside their city walls. Unfortunately for Athens, a plague broke out and killed 1/3 of its citizens, including Pericles. C) Sparta and the Peloponnesian League became allies with Persia! Why? Sparta needed the help of the Persian navy, and Persia still had a grudge against Athens for winning the Persian Wars. D) 404 BCE Sparta won the Peloponnesian War. “All the birds and beasts that prey upon human bodies, either abstained from touching them (though there were many lying unburied), or died after tasting them…” - Thucydides
19. V Consequences of the Peloponnesian War As Sparta won the Peloponnesian War, Athens lost its empire and much of its wealth. Sparta was not able to unite the many Greek poli as Athens had done. Therefore, the Greek civilization was politically unstable until…. 338 BCE a King from Macedonia named Philip II conquered it. To the left is a bust of King Philip II and a reconstruction of his face. He is the daddy of Alexander the Great!
20. Summary: Fill in the Following Chart
21. Key Vocabulary Seafarer Colony Ionia Asia Minor Persia King Cyrus King Darius King Xerxes Persian Wars Battle of Marthon Phidippedes Battle of Thermopylae Battle of Salamis Delian League Pericles Peloponnesian League Peloponnesian War Philip II Macedonia