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II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School

II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700) E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's). F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)

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II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School

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  1. II. The History of Evolutionary Thought A. Early Greeks B. 2nd Greek School C. The Impact of Christianity D. The Renaissance (1400-1700) E. The Enlightenment (1700’s) F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's)

  2. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) a. Early Career - wrote a four-volume flora of France - Buffon selected him to be his son's tutor - 1788 - Buffon got him a position in the Botany Dept. of the Natural History Museum - believed in the fixity of species.

  3. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) b. 1793 - Appointed Professor of Invertebrates - found living molluscs that were similar to fossil forms - could array some species in nearly continuous lineages from the Tertiary (65 mya) to present - concluded that species change over time. c. 1809 - Philosophie Zoologique (culminating work) - animals: series of perfection towards man (Scala naturae) - change through time (lineage evolution)

  4. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) d. Mechanisms of Change: “use and disuse” “inheritance of acquired characteristics” innate potential, given by Creator, to become progressively more complex. - Interactions with the environment causes a NEED | Organism uses some organs more | Organism changes during its lifetime | passes modification to offspring

  5. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) e. Solves the Extinction Problem - Previous solutions were: - all extinct species were killed by Noah's flood - might live elsewhere (and NOT be extinct) - it is the work of humans, not God.

  6. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) e. Solves the Extinction Problem change without extinction, or loss of harmony E F G H A B C D

  7. "May it not be possible that the fossils in question belong to species still existing, but which have changed since that time and have been converted into that similar species that we now actually find?" - Lamarck (1809) E F G H A B C D

  8. f. Summary of Lamarck’s contributions: - First to commit to evolution as historical fact - First to propose a testable mechanism of change - Uniformitarian approach - Support for ancient Earth - Courage to include humans "Lamarck was the first man whose conclusions on the subject excited much attention. This justly celebrated naturalist first published his views in 1801. . . he first did the eminent service of arousing attention to the probability of all changes in the organic, as well as in the inorganic world, being the result of law, and not of miraculous interposition." - 1861

  9. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) • was vertebrate zoologist at Museum of Natural History with Lamarck. • Invited Georges Cuvier to join him in 1794. • There were 'unities of type' among organisms - homologous structures • form constrains function, but form is malleable • - the form responds to environment

  10. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) "The external world is all-powerful in alteration of the form of organized bodies.. . these [modifications] are inherited, and they influence all the rest of the organization of the animal, because if these modifications lead to injurious effects, the animals which exhibit them perish and are replaced by others of a somewhat different form, a form changed so as to be adapted to the new environment."

  11. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions? Geoffroy St. Hilaire has insisted strongly on the high importance of relative connexion in homologous organs: the parts may change to almost any extent in form and size, and yet they always remain connected together in the same order.

  12. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) 3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

  13. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) 3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) a. Arguments against Lamarckian evolution: - organisms are functional 'wholes‘; change in an organ would stop its function - and use and disuse were not heritable - extinction is real

  14. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) 3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) b. Accomplishments in Biology: - Founded comparative anatomy as a discipline - Founded vertebrate paleontology as a discipline - split the Scala into four embranchments Vertebrata Articulata (Arthropoda and Annelida) "Mollusca" (Molluscs and other bilateral inverts) Radiata (Cnidaria and Echinodermata)

  15. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) 3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) c. Accomplishments in Paleontology: - Accepted William Smith's observations that each strata had it's own distinct fossil assemblage (faunal succession). - Fossils in upper strata are more similar to extant (living) species than fossils in lower strata. - Validated extinction - believed that Mammoths could not be hiding elsewhere.

  16. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) 3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) d. Debates with St. Hilaire - 8 debates in 1830 - showed that arthropods and vertebrates were only superficially similar.. no unity of type across all animals - showed that Egyptian mummified cats were no different from modern cats in morphology... no change over time. - Professes a "functionalist" approach - structure follows function, and cannot be modified without losing that function

  17. F. The Battle in France (1780's-1830's) 1. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet, Chevalier de Lamarck (1744-1829) 2. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772-1844) 3. Georges Cuvier (1769-1832) 4. Conclusions of the Period While Cuvier "won" the debate and also beat back Larmarck's ideas, evolutionary ideas were now prominently discussed.

  18. A Darwinian View of Life I. Overview - Darwin (1859) Origin of Species - Mendel (1865) Experiments in Plant Hybridization - Flemming (1878) Describes chromatin and mitosis

  19. II. Darwin’s Contributions A. Overview 1. Life - Born Feb 12, 1809 - Graduated Cambridge, intending to join the clergy - 1831-36, Naturalist on H.M.S. Beagle - 1859: TheOrigin of Species - DiedApril 19, 1882, interred in Westminster Abbey

  20. II. Darwin’s Contributions A. Overview 1. Life 2. The Origin of Species (1859)

  21. II. Darwin’s Contributions A. Overview 1. Life 2. The Origin of Species (1859) a. “One Long Argument” - observations leading to the conclusions that: - life changes through time - species descend from shared ancestors

  22. Figure from The Origin of Species (1859)

  23. II. Darwin’s Contributions A. Overview 1. Life 2. The Origin of Species (1859) a. “One Long Argument” b. Mechanism explaining HOW evolution occurs - Natural Selection c. Dilemmas – challenges and apparent inconsistencies

  24. II. Darwin’s Contributions A. Overview B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent

  25. II. Darwin’s Contributions A. Overview B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology a. James Hutton(1726-1797)

  26. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology a. James Hutton(1726-1797) - observed Hadrian’s Wall, but by the Roman Emperor Hadrian in 122 A.D. 1600 years old, but no sign of erosion. How much older must highly worn and eroded granite outcrops be?

  27. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology a. James Hutton(1726-1797) - observed the White Cliffs of Dover – huge coccolith deposits. If sedimentation was slow and steady as it is today (‘uniformitarianism’), how long would it take to create such a deposit?

  28. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology a. James Hutton(1726-1797) - Observed and interpreted the unconformity at Siccar Point

  29. Process: 1. Initial depositional cycle

  30. Process: 2. uplift (time)

  31. Process: 3. erosion (time)

  32. Process: 4. second depositional cycle (time)

  33. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology a. James Hutton(1726-1797) - the rock cycles, so the earth has “no vestige of a beginning, no prospect of an end.” THE EARTH IS REALLY REALLY OLD

  34. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology a. James Hutton(1726-1797) b. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) - Principles of Geology (1831-33) - promoted uniformitarianism - Darwin’s friend

  35. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology 2. Paleontology a. New types of organisms are added through the fossil record recent Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Jawed fishes past Jawless fishes

  36. 2. Paleontology a. New types of organisms are added through the fossil record b. Within a lineage, there are progressive changes through time. The fossils in recent strata are more similar to existing species than fossils in older (deeper) strata.

  37. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology 2. Paleontology 3. Comparative Anatomy

  38. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology 2. Paleontology 3. Comparative Anatomy a. Homologous Structures Same structure, but different uses in different environments (correlated pattern)

  39. 3. Comparative Anatomy a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures Different structures, but same uses in the same environment. (again, a correlation between anatomy and environment)

  40. 3. Comparative Anatomy a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures c. Vestigial Structures

  41. 3. Comparative Anatomy a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures c. Vestigial Structures

  42. 3. Comparative Anatomy a. Homologous Structures b. Analogous Structures c. Vestigial Structures d. Embryology Whale embryo w/leg buds photo Haeckel (after Darwin)

  43. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 1. Geology 2. Paleontology 3. Comparative Anatomy 4. Biogeography a. Convergent Communities In similar environments, there are organisms that fill similar ecological roles – and they are morphologically similar (in an analogous, not homologous, manner). Correlated patterns

  44. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 4. Biogeography a. Convergent Communities b. Island Communities

  45. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 4. Biogeography a. Convergent Communities b. Island Communities Uniqueness of inhabitants correlates with the degree of isolation. - Galapagos – species different from mainland - Fauklands – species same as mainland

  46. B. Argument: Evidence for Evolution by Common Descent 4. Biogeography a. Convergent Communities b. Island Communities The Galapagos Archipelago

  47. Voyage of the Beagle – Darwin (1845) "The natural history of these islands is eminently curious, and well deserves attention. Most of the organic productions are aboriginal creations, found nowhere else; Flightless Cormorant

  48. “…there is even a difference between the inhabitants of the different islands; yet all show a marked relationship with those of America, though separated from that continent by an open space of ocean, between 500 and 600 miles in width.” Green Iguana – Central and South America

  49. “…The archipelago is a little world within itself, or rather a satellite attached to America, whence it has derived a few stray colonists, and has received the general character of its indigenous productions. Considering the small size of the islands, we feel the more astonished at the number of their aboriginal beings, and at their confined range.” Galapagos Land Iguana, pallid species, only on Santa Fe island.

  50. “… Seeing every height crowned with its crater, and the boundaries of most of the lava streams still distinct, we are led to believe that within a period geologically recent the unbroken ocean was here spread out.”

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