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The Holocaust and the end of WWII

The Holocaust and the end of WWII. The Holocaust, 1941-45 “The Final Solution”. Until 1941, Hitler and Nazis did not agree on what to do with Jews Emigration Madagascar TURNING POINT: June 1941, Operation Barbarossa Einsatzgruppen: “Mobile Killing Groups” or “Single-task groups” Jews

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The Holocaust and the end of WWII

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  1. The Holocaust and the end of WWII

  2. The Holocaust, 1941-45“The Final Solution” • Until 1941, Hitler and Nazis did not agree on what to do with Jews • Emigration • Madagascar • TURNING POINT: June 1941, Operation Barbarossa • Einsatzgruppen: “Mobile Killing Groups” or “Single-task groups” • Jews • Communists • Gypsies • Poles

  3. Einsatzgruppen, 1941-42

  4. Final Solution (cont.) • The ghettos were already sealed (1940) • Poison gas vans tested the use of gas • Auschwitz-Birkenau • Systematic annihilation of Jews and Gypsies • 1942–1944: one million killed • Anonymous slaughter • People were tortured, beaten, and executed publicly

  5. jews arrested warsaw_HU007442.jpg

  6. Map_26.06.jpg

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  8. Auschwitz-BirkenauWhat is it?

  9. auschwitz bodies_HU030094.jpg

  10. Who did this? Reserve Police Battalion 101 from Hamburg • Ordinary Germans obeying orders • July 1942-Nov. 1943: killed more than 38,000 Jews • deported 45,000 others.

  11. Who knew? • Extermination involved the knowledge and cooperation of many not directly involved in killing. • Most who suspected the worst were terrified and powerless. • Many Europeans believed “the Jews” were a problem that needed “solving”. • Nazis tried to conceal the death camps. • What of other governments? • Vichy France required Jews to wear special identification. • Italians participated less actively. • Hungarian government dragged its feet.

  12. Resistance? • Little resistance seemed to be possible • Rebellions at Sobibor, Auschwitz and Treblinka • Warsaw ghetto uprising (1943) • 80 percent of the residents had been deported • Small Jewish underground movement • 56,000 Jews were killed

  13. Death Camps

  14. Overall human costs • 5.1-6.0 million Jews • 800,000 in Ghettos • 1,400,000 in open-air shootings • 2,900,000 in camps • 1.8-2.0 million Poles • 2-3 million Soviet POWS • 200,000 Roma & Sinti • 20,000-25,000Slovenes • 270,000 people with disabilities • 10,000-15,000 gay men • 2,500-5000 Jehovah's Witnesses

  15. Near obliteration of Jewish culture

  16. Near obliteration of Jewish culture (e.g. Beliec)

  17. Beliec’s absence

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